3.5 (Excoffier and Lischer 2010). A Bonferroni correction was implemented to the P values. Genepop v. 4.0 (Rousset CAL-101 in vitro 2008) was used to test for linkage disequilibrium between all pairs of loci for each population (1,000 dememorization iterations, 1,000 batches, 10,000 iterations

per batch). Genetic diversity measures such as mean number of alleles per locus as well as observed and expected heterozygosities for each population were calculated in ARLEQUIN. The program FSTAT (Goudet 1995) was used to estimate another measure of genetic diversity, allelic richness, as well as to assess population differentiation between the putative populations by estimating the fixation index FST. Bonferroni correction was not applied (Narum, 2006). FSTAT was also used to analyze sex-biased dispersal among putative populations (Oceanic, Coastal, and Hauraki Gulf) by calculating FIS, HO, HE, and applying FST statistics to each sex independently. Jost estimated DEST (Jost 2008) was also calculated as a measure of pairwise population differentiation in SMOGD (Crawford 2010). A principal component analysis (PCA) was performed on a table of allele frequencies using the R packages ade4 (Thioulouse et al. 1997) and Temsirolimus chemical structure adegenet (Jombart 2008) as an exploratory

analysis to infer population differentiation (Jombart et al. 2009). The program STRUCTURE v.2.3.3 (Hubisz et al. 2009) was used to infer population structure 上海皓元医药股份有限公司 by assigning individuals (probabilistically) to clusters without a priori knowledge of population units and limits. The algorithm implemented in this program estimates the log-likelihood of the data for a given number of genetic clusters (K), under the assumption of Hardy-Weinberg and linkage equilibrium within clusters. We used the admixture model, which assumes that individuals have admixed ancestry. We performed 10 independent runs for each K from 1 to 6 using the correlated allele frequency with 1,000,000 repetitions and a burn in of 100,000. The estimated Ln probability for the data was averaged across the runs for each K. Structure Harvester (Earl and von Holdt 2012) was used to detect the most

likely K based on the Evanno method (Evanno et al. 2005). Population differentiation was additionally tested using a one level hierarchical analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) in ARLEQUIN v. 3.5 using 10,000 randomizations, in which the existence of differentiation among the three populations was tested. Estimates of recent migration rates between putative populations were determined using a molecular assignment program that relies on a nonequilibrium Bayesian approach method through Markov Monte Carlo techniques, as implemented in BAYESASS (Wilson and Rannala 2003). This program estimates asymmetrical rates of migration between populations over the last several generations. The program was run using default settings.