On the other hand, despite cinnamates and salicylates

are used in large quantities, reports of allergic reactions are relatively low (Kerr et al., 2012 and Kerr and Ferguson, 2010). Another tendency in photoprotection in the topical application and systemic administration of antioxidants acting as photoprotectives, which could maintain or restore a healthy skin barrier (Pinnell, 2003). Among the frequently used antioxidants in anti-aging products we can point out vitamin A, C and E derivatives. Vitamin A palmitate acts on epithelization in dry and rough skin, as well as on keratinization considered being abnormal (Maia Campos et al., 1999). In addition, it also absorbs UV radiation between 300 and 350 nm, with a maximum at 325 nm (Antille et al., 2003), which can suggest that it may have a biologically relevant filter activity Ruxolitinib as well. However some studies have shown that vitamin A and its ester undergo photo-oxidation to give a variety of photodecomposition products and reactive oxygen species (Xia et al., Trichostatin A ic50 2006). Therefore, since some studies show that vitamin A generates toxic photoproducts or allergens when exposed to UV radiation, the US FDA selected vitamin A palmitate by the National Toxicology Program (NTP) as a high priority compound for phototoxicity

and photocarcinogenicity studies (Xia et al., 2006 and Tolleson et al., 2005). In Europe, since the year 2000, in vivo testing in animals for acute phototoxic potential is no longer permitted, since a successfully validated in vitro alternative method has been accepted for regulatory purposes. Due to its high sensitivity and specificity, the validated 3T3 Neutral Red Uptake Phototoxicity Test (3T3-NRU-PT) is the core test, which is usually the only phototoxicity test required when the substance is

not considered phototoxic ( Liebsch Cediranib (AZD2171) et al., 2005). Reconstructed human skin models closely resemble the native human epidermis due to the presence of a barrier function similar to the barrier function of human epidermis. Thus, the reconstructed human skin models are proposed as an additional tool for verification of positive results of the 3T3 NRU PT, with respect to bioavailability in human skin, and/or for testing of substances incompatible with the 3T3 NRU PT ( Liebsch et al., 2005 and Kejlová et al., 2007). Human in vivo photopatch method can also be performed, but they must be carried out only after prior risk assessment in vitro studies and in compliance with the ethical principles avoiding unnecessary risks to human subjects. Some studies report a good correlation among 3T3-NRU-PT, Human 3-D Skin Model and human in vivo photopatch tests ( Kejlová et al., 2007 and Spielmann et al., 1998).