The reason for the tissue-specific ARC-JNK interaction remains unclear. Because CARDs mediate protein-protein interactions and ARC’s CARD was shown to interact with Fas, FADD, procaspase-8, and Bax, its functional importance in Epigenetics inhibitor binding JNK was assessed.10 We disrupted ARC’s CARD by mutating two residues (L31F; G69R) that are conserved in death-fold proteins back to Ced-3.25 Mutant TAT-ARC abrogated the interaction of ectopic TAT-ARC with JNK1 and JNK2 and showed no protection against TNF-α-mediated liver failure (Fig. 7E,F). Thus, the CARD of ARC mediates its interaction with

JNK1 and JNK2. Thus, our results suggest that ARC inhibits JNK activation and translocation by a direct interaction between ARC’s CARD and JNK1 and JNK2. ARC is exceptional in its ability to antagonize both the extrinsic (death receptor) and the intrinsic (mitochondria / endoplasmic reticulum [ER]) death pathways.8-10 Here, we demonstrate highly efficient therapeutic in vivo delivery of ARC to the adult murine liver using the TAT protein transduction technique. Ectopic ARC delivery completely blocks Fas- and TNF-mediated hepatocyte apoptosis in vitro and in three different in vivo models of ALF protecting mice from death in preventive MK0683 and therapeutic settings. Fas-induced apoptosis is triggered by way of Fas receptor-mediated DISC assembly.4 TAT-ARC blocks caspase-8-dependent

cell killing by binding to members of the DISC, namely Fas, FADD, and procaspase-8. Additionally, it inhibits Fas-mediated Bax conformational activation and subsequent mitochondria-dependent death signaling. Hepatocytes are highly sensitive to Fas-induced apoptosis compared with other tissues and organs and absence of endogenous ARC might contribute to 上海皓元 this observation.2 Previous in vivo studies demonstrated successful hepatic delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting Fas or caspase-8 of mice with Fas-mediated hepatitis.25, 26 However, the relevance of those therapeutic approaches targeting hepatocyte injury in ALF is limited due to its delayed mode of action and the low delivery efficiency of siRNA into hepatocytes.26,

27 TAT-ARC does not have these limitations and therefore might be a more valuable candidate for treatment of ALF in humans. Several studies have convincingly demonstrated a critical role of JNK during ConA or GalN/LPS-induced hepatocyte apoptosis.21, 28-30 These findings suggested JNK as a major therapeutic target and JNK-specific drugs are currently in clinical development. We demonstrate that administration of TAT-ARC prevents JNK activation in the liver upon ConA or GalN/LPS-induced hepatitis. In vitro experiments with recombinant JNK1 and JNK2 show binding with the CARD domain of ARC, indicating that ARC directly suppresses JNK activity, which has not been reported before. Traditionally, death-fold motifs use homotypic protein-protein interactions. The CARD of ARC engages in homotypic death-fold interactions as shown by ARC homodimerization.