The clustered interactome networks are also cross-validated against the confirmed protein complexes present in the MIPS database.\n\nConclusions: The results of our experimental work demonstrate that interactome graph weighting methods clearly improve the clustering results of several clustering algorithms. Moreover, our proposed weighting scheme outperforms other approaches of PPI graph weighting.”
“Background: Access learn more block, the inability of patients in

the emergency department (ED) to access hospital beds, is a contributing factor to overcrowding in the ED. The effect of a holding unit (HU) on access block and some medical management indicators is presented.\n\nMethods: In October 2002 an HU was opened with 16 beds for patients coming from the ED. Every morning all the patients are moved from the HU to a conventional unit; if there are not enough unoccupied beds, elective admissions are cancelled. For the previous and subsequent years after the opening of the HU, the following see more factors were analysed: (1) number of patients visiting the ED; (2) number of urgent admissions; (3) length of stay in the ED; (4) number of patients waiting for an in-hospital bed in the ED at 08.00 h; (5) number of elective admissions; and (6) number of cancelled elective admissions.\n\nResults: Although

there was an increase of 3.1% in the number of patients visiting the ED during the first year following the opening of the HU compared with the previous year, the number and percentage of urgent admissions remained unchanged. In the same period the mean number of patients waiting for a bed in the ED decreased by 55.6% (9.1 vs 4.0 patients per day). However, the mean length of stay in the ED increased by 6.9% (p<0.001). The number and percentage of cancelled elective admissions were similar in the two periods of the study.\n\nConclusion:

The opening of an HU has led to an improvement in the access block.”
“Purpose: To analyze differences in the application and outcomes of SilverHawk atherectomy (SH) and excimer laser ablation (ELA) in the treatment of femoropopliteal instent restenosis (ISR) in an unselected cohort of patients treated at a single center.\n\nMethods: check details Between January 2005 and June 2010, 81 consecutive patients (46 men; mean age 69.1 years, range 43-86) underwent directional atherectomy (41 SH, 40 ELA) for femoropopliteal ISR lesions. Data were reviewed retrospectively on procedural outcomes, major adverse events, and 1-year target lesion revascularization (TLR) obtained from medical records and supplemented with telephone calls. The primary endpoint was symptom-driven TLR at 1 year; secondary endpoints were death and amputation.\n\nResults: ELA was utilized more frequently than SH in longer lesions (210.4 +/- 104 vs. 126.2 +/- 79.3 mm, respectively; p=0.001), subacute presentation (55% vs. 14.6%, p=0.001), TASC D lesions (47.

Comparison of the transcriptomes of one sRNA gene deletion mutant and the parent strain led to the identification of differentially expressed genes. Genes for flagellins and chemotaxis were up-regulated in the mutant, in accordance with its gain of function swarming phenotype. While the deletion mutant analysis underscored that haloarchaeal sRNAs are involved in many biological functions, the degree of conservation is extremely low. Only 3

of the 27 genes are conserved in more than 10 haloarchaeal Selleck PCI-34051 species. 22 of the 27 genes are confined to H. volcanii, indicating a fast evolution of haloarchaeal sRNA genes.”
“Objective: With important technological advances in healthcare delivery and the Internet, clinicians and scientists now have access to overwhelming number of available databases capturing patients with critical illness. Yet, investigators seeking to answer important clinical or research questions Selleck Veliparib with existing data have few resources that adequately describe the available sources and the strengths and limitations of each. This article reviews an approach to selecting a database to address health services and outcomes research questions in critical care, examines several databases that are commonly used for this purpose, and briefly describes some strengths and limitations of each.\n\nData Sources: Narrative review of the medical literature.\n\nSummary:

see more The available databases

that collect information on critically ill patients are numerous and vary in the types of questions they can optimally answer. Selection of a data source must consider not only accessibility but also the quality of the data contained within the database, and the extent to which it captures the necessary variables for the research question. Questions seeking causal associations,(e.g., effect of treatment on mortality) usually either require secondary data that contain detailed information about demographics, laboratories, and physiology to best address nonrandom selection or sophisticated study design. Purely descriptive questions (e.g., incidence of respiratory failure) can often be addressed using secondary data with less detail such as administrative claims. Although each database has its own inherent limitations, all secondary analyses will be subject to the same challenges of appropriate study design and good observational research.\n\nConclusion: The literature demonstrates that secondary analyses can have significant impact on critical care practice. While selection of the optimal database for a particular question is a necessary part of high-quality analyses, it is not sufficient to guarantee an unbiased study. Thoughtful and well-constructed study-design and analysis approaches remain equally important pillars of robust science.

Data were analyzed for differences between both subgroups regarding surgical outcome and adnexal pathologies as reported in the postoperative follow-up. Surgical outcomes of 540 patients (PBS: 127; non-PBS: 413) revealed no difference between

groups. No preneoplastic or malignant lesions were diagnosed in the fallopian tubes. Follow-up (non-PBS 92 months, PBS 55 months; p smaller than 0.01) responses from 295 (54.6 %) patients showed a https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tpx-0005.html higher incidence of benign adnexal pathologies in the non-PBS group (26.9 vs. 13.9 %; p = 0.02). The rate of LAVH-related surgical re-intervention was higher in the non-PBS group (12.56 vs. 4.16 %; p = 0.04). No malignant neoplasm was reported in the cohort. PBS did not increase the complication HSP inhibitor rate and reduced the incidence of adnexal pathologies requiring surgical re-intervention. Prospective trials should clarify the impact of PBS on cancer mortality.”
“We have investigated the Ash Shutbah circular structure in central Saudi Arabia (21 degrees 37N 45 degrees 39E) using satellite imagery, field mapping, thin-section petrography, and X-ray diffraction of collected samples. The approximately 2.1km sized structure located in flat-lying Jurassic Tuwaiq Mountain Limestone has been nearly peneplained by erosional processes. Satellite and structural data show a central area consisting

of Dhruma Formation sandstones with steep bedding and tight folds plunging radially outward. Open folding occurs in displaced, younger Tuwaiq Mountain Etomoxir nmr Limestone Formation blocks surrounding the central area, but is absent outside the circular structure. An approximately 60cm thick, unique folded and disrupted orthoquartzitic sandstone marker

bed occurring in the central area of the structure is found 140m deeper in undisturbed escarpment outcrops located a few hundred meters west of the structure. With exception of a possible concave shatter cone found in the orthoquartzite of the central area, other diagnostic shock features are lacking. Some quartz-rich sandstones from the central area show pervasive fracturing of quartz grains with common concussion fractures. This deformation was followed by an event of quartz dissolution and calcite precipitation consistent with local sea- or groundwater heating. The combination of central stratigraphic uplift of 140m, concussion features in discolored sandstone, outward-dipping concentric folds in the central area, deformation restricted to the rocks of the ring structure, a complex circular structure of 2.1km diameter that appears broadly consistent with what one would expect from an impact structure in sedimentary targets, and a possible shatter cone all point to an impact origin of the Ash Shutbah structure.

In the second phase of the work, information from the SARs of the benzothiophene series and data available in literature, we explored the in vitro pharmacological properties of the 6-substituted-7-fluoro-benzothiophene hydroxamates

and the 5-susbtituted-benzofuran hydroxamates. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The most common heritable genetic disease in the United States, cystic fibrosis (CF), is caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), a chloride channel that interacts with and regulates a number of other proteins. The bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa infects 80% of patients causing decreased pulmonary function and life expectancy. It is not known how malfunction of the chloride channel allows for preferential colonization of patients by a single pathogen. selleck compound The hypothesis that CFTR interacts with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) to phagocytize bacteria was tested. KU-55933 cell line A competitive antagonist of TLR4, MKLPS, was studied for its effect in gentamicin-protection-based bacterial invasion assays. Pre-incubation (15 min 50 mu g/mL) with

MKLPS did not alter the rate of phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa by cultured epithelia. However, further studies with GFP-transfected P. aeruginosa revealed prominent antibiotic resistant microcolonies were formed. If CFTR is involved in phagocytosis of the bacteria, then internalization was predicted to decrease in iodide efflux. Surprisingly, cultured epithelia exposed to P. aeruginosa for 15 min showed increased cAMP-activated iodide efflux through CFTR. In addition, 15-min exposure to bacterial cell wall component, LPS, purified from P. aeruginosa also increased

CFTR iodide efflux in a dose-dependent manner (50, 100 and 200 mu g/mL LPS had 25%, 37% and 47% increase). In a reversal of this phenomenon, shorter 5-min exposure to 100 mu g/mL LPS resulted in a 25% decrease in forskolin-activated CFTR channel activity compared to controls. This data is consistent with a model in which CFTR is removed from the plasma membrane during phagocytosis of P. aeruginosa followed Cyclopamine manufacturer by recruitment of channels to the membrane to replace those removed during phagocytosis. More studies are needed to confirm this model, but this is the first report of a bacterial product causing a biphasic time-dependent and a dose-dependent alteration of CFTR channel activity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“When Monascus MX was grown under blue light instead of in the dark, citrinin production increased from 478 mg l(-1) to 698 mg l(-1). To explain this, the expression of the pksCT gene, which encodes citrinin polyketide synthase, and of 5 ORFs around it, were monitored. Blue light enhanced citrinin production by upregulating the expression of orf1, orf3, and orf4, indicating that pksCT was not the key gene responsible for the quantity of citrinin production in blue light.

We demonstrated that phosphorylation in Q(28)SDD(31)SD may be important in cytosolic foci formation.”
“Background: Chemotaxis

is the process by which motile bacteria sense their chemical environment and move towards more favourable conditions. Escherichia coli utilises a single sensory pathway, but little is known about signalling pathways in species with AZD9291 concentration more complex systems.\n\nResults: To investigate whether chemotaxis pathways in other bacteria follow the E. coli paradigm, we analysed 206 species encoding at least 1 homologue of each of the 5 core chemotaxis proteins (CheA, CheB, CheR, CheW and CheY). 61 species encode more than one of all of these 5 proteins, suggesting they have multiple chemotaxis pathways. Operon information is not available for most bacteria, so we developed a novel statistical approach to cluster che genes into putative operons. Using operon-based IWR-1-endo purchase models, we reconstructed putative

chemotaxis pathways for all 206 species. We show that cheA-cheW and cheR-cheB have strong preferences to occur in the same operon as two-gene blocks, which may reflect a functional requirement for co-transcription. However, other che genes, most notably cheY, are more dispersed on the genome. Comparison of our operons with shuffled equivalents demonstrates that specific patterns of genomic location may be a determining factor for the observed in vivo chemotaxis pathways.\n\nWe then examined the chemotaxis pathways of Rhodobacter sphaeroides. Here, the PpfA protein is known to be critical for correct partitioning of proteins in the cytoplasmically-localised pathway. We found ppfA in che operons of many species, suggesting that partitioning of cytoplasmic Che protein clusters is common. We also examined the apparently non-typical chemotaxis components, CheA3, CheA4 and CheY6. We found that though variants of CheA proteins are rare, the CheY6 variant may be a common type of CheY, with a significantly disordered C-terminal region which may be functionally

significant.\n\nConclusions: We find that many bacterial species potentially have multiple chemotaxis pathways, with grouping of che genes into operons likely to be a major factor in keeping signalling pathways distinct. Gene order is highly conserved check details with cheA-cheW and cheR-cheB blocks, perhaps reflecting functional linkage. CheY behaves differently to other Che proteins, both in its genomic location and its putative protein interactions, which should be considered when modelling chemotaxis pathways.”
“Recent research has demonstrated that improved image segmentation can be achieved by multiple template fusion utilizing both label and intensity information. However, intensity weighted fusion approaches use local intensity similarity as a surrogate measure of local template quality for predicting target segmentation and do not seek to characterize template performance.

In this technical note, we demonstrate that by making alternative design decisions in the CPU implementation, an additional speedup can be obtained, again of an order of magnitude. By carefully considering memory access locality when dividing the workload among blocks of threads, the CPU’s cache is used more efficiently, making more effective use of the available memory bandwidth. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background: In relapsed germ cell tumors, salvage chemotherapy with paclitaxel,

Barasertib ifosfamide, and cisplatin (TIP) is a well-established regimen for patients with favorable features such as a primary testicular tumor and prior complete remission (CR) after the initial chemotherapy. We

reviewed patients who had received salvage TIP chemotherapy, and evaluated the efficacy of TIP, linking it to patient characteristics. Patients and Methods: Between August 1998 and May 2009, a total of 14 patients were treated with salvage TIP chemotherapy. 10 of 14 had cisplatin-refractory disease, and none of the patients were expected to show a favorable outcome to conventional-dose salvage chemotherapy. Results: Of the 14 patients, 5 (37.5%) showed a favorable response (CR in 1 patient, partial response (PR) in 4 patients) to TIP alone, and 1 had CR with subsequent surgery after TIP. 2 patients with CR and another 2 patients SNX-5422 nmr who attained disease stabilization are still alive at 81.3, 25.4, 69.3, and 27.4 months, respectively. After a median follow-up of 41.0 months (range 11.1-137.6), the median overall survival time for all patients was 21.1 (range 5.0-112.6). Conclusions: Even in the presence of poor prognostic features, salvage TIP chemotherapy can be an active regimen in

patients with relapsed or refractory germ cell tumors.”
“The ability to encode and maintain the exact order of short sequences of stimuli or events is often crucial Z-DEVD-FMK mw to our ability for effective high-order planning. However, it is not yet clear which neural mechanisms underpin this process. Several studies suggest that in comparison with item recognition temporal order coding activates prefrontal and parietal brain regions. Results of various studies tend to favour the hypothesis that the order of the stimuli is represented and encoded on several stages, from primacy and recency estimates to the exact position of the item in a sequence. Different brain regions play a different role in this process. Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex has a more general role in attention, while the premotor cortex is more involved in the process of information grouping. Parietal lobe and hippocampus also play a significant role in order processing as they enable the representation of distance. Moreover, order maintenance is associated with the existence of neural oscillators that operate at different frequencies.

After 6 weeks of 0.9% NaCl supplementation, plasma renin activity, P450aldo expression and serum aldosterone levels were decreased in all groups. In males, IUGR induced an increase in AT(1)R, AT(2)R, and P450aldo levels, without changes in morphological appearance of the zona glomerulosa (ZG). By contrast, in females, IUGR had no effect on the expression of AT(1)R, but increased AT(2)R mRNA while decreasing

protein expression of AT(2)R and P450aldo. In males, salt intake in IUGR rats reduced both AT(1)R mRNA and protein, while for AT(2)R, mRNA levels decreased whereas protein expression increased. In females, salt intake reduced ZG size in IUGR but had no affect on AT(1)R or AT 2 R expression in either group. These results indicate that, in response to IUGR and subsequently Pexidartinib research buy to salt intake, P450aldo, AT(1)R, and AT(2)R levels are differentially expressed in males and females. However, despite these adrenal changes, adult IUGR rats display adequate physiological and adrenal responses to high-salt intake, via RAAS inhibition, thus suggesting that extra-adrenal factors likely compensate for ZG alterations induced by IUGR. Journal of Endocrinology (2011) 209,

85-94″
“Objective: Perception of verticality can be perturbed after cortical stroke. However, a relationship between lesion location and pathologic perception of verticality is still a matter of debate since

previous studies revealed contradictory results. SB273005 research buy Thus, the aim of the current study was to test whether specific cortical lesions were associated with tilts of subjective visual vertical (SVV) and to determine the critical brain areas that cause such tilts in the case of a lesion.\n\nMethods: SVV was systematically studied PXD101 in vivo in 54 patients (22 patients with left-sided and 32 patients with right-sided lesions) with acute unilateral strokes, analyzed by modern voxel-wise lesion-behavior mapping techniques.\n\nResults: The data give evidence for an association between tilt of SVV and the insular cortex (IC) and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in both hemispheres. Whereas the IC seems to be the prominent structure in the left hemisphere, the IFG is most affected in the right hemisphere. Furthermore, other cortical regions such as the superior temporal gyrus (STG) and the rolandic operculum as well as-subcortically-the inferior occipitofrontal fascicle and the superior longitudinal fascicle seem to be involved in the vestibulo-cortical network for the perception of verticality in the roll plane.\n\nConclusion: Damage to these regions might lead to an imbalance within the vestibular network of one hemisphere due to a deficit in multimodal signal processing. Neurology (R) 2012;78:728-735″
“The aim of this review is to summarize the physiological and pharmacological aspects of ghrelin.

0001) by 70%. After an initial increase lasting for about 4 days, testosterone (T) and estradiol (E2) concentrations decreased (p < 0.0001) to basal levels within 17.5 +/- 8.4 days. Size of testes was decreased by about 82% after 17 weeks, size of prostate by about 46% after 5 weeks (p < 0.0001). Five to ? Weeks after implantation all dogs were aspermic.\n\nTestosterone and estradiol concentrations, together with testicular and prostatic size remained Suppressed in all dogs in group I and one dog of group

2 until implant removal. The other three dogs of group 2 escaped from down-regulation between 223 and 324 days.\n\nEffects on the availability of LH, T, E2 and on testicular and prostatic size were fully reversible after implant removal or escape from down-regulation. In six dogs semen quality was back to pre-treatment values after Prexasertib cell line about 29 weeks, however, BTSA1 order one dog developed oligozoospermia while another one stayed azoospermic, probably due to an obstruction within the epididymal duct. (c) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background: Minimization of blood loss during pancreatoduodenectomy requires careful surgical technique and specific

preventative measures. Therefore, red blood cell (RBC) transfusions and operative time are potential surgical quality indicators. The aim of the present study was to compare peri-operative RBC transfusion and operative time with 30-day morbidity/mortality after pancreatoduodenectomy.\n\nMethods: All pancreatoduodenectomies (2005 to 2008) were identified using the American College of Surgeons-National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS-NSQIP). RBC transfusions and operative time were correlated with 30-day morbidity/mortality.\n\nResults: Pancreatoduodenectomy was JPH203 completed in 4817 patients. RBC transfusions were given to 1559 (32%) patients (1-35 units). Overall morbidity and mortality rates were 37% and 3.0%, respectively. Overall 30-day morbidity

increased in a stepwise manner with the number of RBC transfusions (R = 0.69, P < 0.01). Although RBC transfusions and operative times were not statistically linked (P = 0.87), longer operative times were linearly associated with increased 30-day morbidity (R = 0.79, P < 0.001) and mortality (R = 0.65, P < 0.01). Patients who were not transfused also displayed less morbidity (33%) and mortality (1.9%) (P < 0.05).\n\nDiscussion: Peri-operative RBC transfusion after pancreatoduodenectomy is linearly associated with 30-day morbidity. Longer operative time also correlates with increased morbidity and mortality. Therefore, blood transfusions and prolonged operative time should be considered quality indicators for pancreatoduodenectomy.”
“Study design: Retrospective descriptive observational study.\n\nObjective: The primary objective of this study was to quantify the incidence of iatrogenic spinal cord injury (SCI) at our SCI unit (SCIU).

Results: Pathogenic defects, all confined to MLH1 and MSH2, were identified in 17 out of 59 (28.8%) families. A-1155463 price The mutational spectrum was highly heterogeneous and 28 novel variants were identified. One recurrent mutation in MLH1 (c.793C bigger than T) was also observed. 92.9% sensitivity for indication of germline mutations conferred by IHC surpassed 64.3% sensitivity by MSI. Furthermore, 15.6% patients with MSS tumors harbored pathogenic

mutations. Conclusions: Among major ethnic groups in Singapore, all pathogenic germline defects were confined to MLH1 and MSH2. Caution should be applied when the Amsterdam criteria and consensus microsatellite marker panel recommended in the revised Bethesda guidelines are applied to the local context. We recommend a screening strategy for the local LS by starting with tumor IHC and the hotspot mutation testing at MLH1 c.793C bigger than T followed by comprehensive mutation scanning in MLH1 and MSH2 prior to proceeding to other MMR IPI-145 supplier genes.”
“We presented retrospective analysis of up to five polymorphisms in TS, MTHFR and ERCC1 genes as molecular predictive markers for homogeneous Caucasian, non-squamous NSCLC patients treated with pemetrexed and platinum

front-line chemotherapy. The following polymorphisms in DNA isolated from 115 patients were analyzed: various number of 28-bp tandem repeats in 5′-UTR region of TS gene, single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) within the second tandem repeat of TS gene (G bigger than C); 6-bp deletion in 3′-UTR region of the TS (1494del6); 677C bigger than T SNP in MTHFR; 19007C bigger than T SNP in ERCC1. Molecular examinations’ results were correlated with disease control Selleckchem ALK inhibitor rate, progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival. Polymorphic tandem repeat sequence (2R, 3R) in the enhancer region of TS gene and G bigger than

C SNP within the second repeat of 3R allele seem to be important for the effectiveness of platinum and pemetrexed in first-line chemotherapy. The insignificant shortening of PFS in 3R/3R homozygotes as compared to 2R/2R and 2R/3R genotypes were observed, while it was significantly shorter in patients carrying synchronous 3R allele and G nucleotide. The combined analysis of TS VNTR and MTHFR 677C bigger than T SNP revealed shortening of PFS in synchronous carriers of 3R allele in TS and two C alleles in MTHFR. The strongest factors increased the risk of progression were poor PS, weight loss, anemia and synchronous presence of 3R allele and G nucleotide in the second repeat of 3R allele in TS. Moreover, lack of application of second-line chemotherapy, weight loss and poor performance status and above-mentioned genotype of TS gene increased risk of early mortality. The examined polymorphisms should be accounted as molecular predictor factors for pemetrexed- and platinum-based front-line chemotherapy in non-squamous NSCLC patients.

These findings provide strong evidence of a unique link between physical disgust and morality.

(C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Background: There have been no previous studies showing clinical outcomes according to treatment options of posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) injury with mild grade 2 or less posterior translation (<7 mm) combined with posterolateral rotatory instability.\n\nPurpose: To compare the clinical outcomes of posterolateral corner learn more (PLC) reconstruction with or without simultaneous PCL reconstruction in PCL injuries with mild posterior translation.\n\nStudy Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.\n\nMethods: A total of 46 patients with a PCL injury with mild posterior translation combined with posterolateral rotatory instability were retrospectively reviewed. Twenty-two patients had undergone isolated PLC reconstruction (group A), and 24 patients had undergone simultaneous reconstruction

of the PCL and PLC (group B). Each patient was assessed for knee instability with the dial test at 30 degrees and 90 degrees as well as with varus and posterior stress radiography and were evaluated with the Lysholm knee score and International Knee Documentation PFTα Committee (IKDC) subjective and objective grading.\n\nResults: In all cases, the minimum follow-up period was 24 months. At the final follow-up evaluation, no significant side-to-side difference was found on varus stress radiography (group A, 1.55 +/- 0.78 mm vs group Napabucasin mouse B, 1.35 +/- 1.00 mm; P = .458) or the dial test (at 30 degrees : group A, 4.00 degrees +/- 1.83 degrees vs group B, 4.04 degrees +/- 1.30 degrees; P = .929; at 90 degrees : group A, 3.64 degrees +/- 1.18 degrees vs group B, 3.67 degrees +/- 1.37 degrees; P = .937). However, group B showed a significant improvement

compared with group A on posterior stress radiography (group A, 0.16 +/- 0.44 mm vs group B, -1.44 +/- 0.74 mm; P < .001), Lysholm knee score (group A, 18.36 +/- 8.73 vs group B, 23.42 +/- 7.44; P = .040), IKDC subjective score (group A, 25.51 +/- 7.11 vs group B, 33.08 +/- 5.89; P < .001), and IKDC objective score (group A preoperatively: grade C = 19 patients, grade D = 3; group B preoperatively: grade C = 20, grade D = 4; group A postoperatively: grade B = 11, grade C = 11; group B postoperatively: grade A = 12, grade B = 9, grade C = 3) (P < .001).\n\nConclusion: Simultaneous reconstruction of the PCL and PLC is recommended when addressing PCL injuries with mild grade 2 or less posterior translation combined with posterolateral rotary instability.”
“Substance use disorders (e.g. substance addiction, substance abuse) and adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorders (adult ADHD) are frequent psychiatric disorders with a high individual and social relevance. Complex interactions of common and divergent susceptibility genes and environmental factors are important for both disorders which have a relatively high heritability.