However, the symptomatology of these two initially clinically indistinguishable conditions may be convergent and not necessarily

associated with infections, but in subgroups of children affected, symptoms of allergy, autoimmunity or lymphoproliferation may predominate. Multidirectional interactions and precise control of elements of the immune system determine the homeostasis between the effector mechanisms and tolerance. The overlapping mechanisms of allergic background and defects of antibody biosynthesis as well as their reciprocal impact on different clinical entities PF01367338 can make the diagnosis of both an allergic disease and an immune deficiency an essential challenge [2]. The gastrointestinal tract is the largest immunological organ of the human body, constantly

exposed to a wide variety of exogenous antigens. The fundamental role of its mucosal immune response is both to prevent effectively the entry of invading pathogens whereas simultaneously its exposition to the external environment and to a high antigenic load elicits immune tolerance. In this website this context, food allergy is considered to result from a breakdown of this homeostasis between the activation and suppression of the immune response. Several exo- and endogenous biological factors, such as nature and dose of antigen, the frequency of its administration, age at first antigen exposure, maternal dietary exposure during pregnancy and breastfeeding, as well as genetic background and immunological status of the child determine the immune response profile [3]. As the organ-specific inflammatory immunopathology Montelukast Sodium may be a result of mutual

relationships between allergy and immunodeficiency, we hypothesize that food allergy may be responsible for a variety of symptoms presented by children with antibody production defects. The aim of the study was to better understand the pathophysiological background of the association between hypogammaglobulinemia and food allergy in children and to characterize clinical manifestation that occur in children with antibody production defects and may signal the coexisting food allergy. Medical records of 23 children, aged from 8 to 88 months (mean age 29 months) with hypogammaglobulinemia regularly followed-up in the pediatric pneumonology, allergology and immunology clinic were retrospectively analyzed. The study group was relatively homogeneous in terms of clinical manifestations. All children studied had been initially referred to our department for the evaluation of their immunological status because of recurrent episodes of respiratory tract infections and one child had suffered from meningitis accompanied by sepsis prior he has been referred to our department. Clinical data regarding the patient’s history of allergic diseases as well as the results of laboratory investigations were obtained from chart reviews.