The consumption of apples, pears, and carrots also decreased in the group with tooth loss. A similar follow-up study in 83,104 female nurses found that subjects who lost 5 or more teeth over 4 years consumed fewer apples, pears, and carrots [16]. In Japan, Wakai et al. [17] studied 20,366 dentists to examine the number of remaining teeth and nourishment, and showed that consumption

of carotene, vitamin A, vitamin C, dairy products, and green/yellow vegetables decreased whereas ingestion of carbohydrates, rice, and confectionaries increased as tooth loss see more increased. In other cross-sectional studies conducted in Japanese subjects, subjects with 20 or more teeth were compared to those with less than 20 teeth [18], and subjects in whom molar occlusion was maintained with the remaining teeth were compared to subjects in which it was maintained by dentures [19]. These studies found same results with Western countries that tooth loss influenced click here fruit, vegetable, and vitamin intake. Studies from Australia [20], Brazil [21] and [22], Taiwan [23], and Nigeria

[24] have largely supported the aforementioned effects of tooth loss on nutrition. In contrast, reports from Sweden [25] and [26] found no relationship between tooth loss and nutrition. Moreover, Shinkai et al. [27] reported that food intake was not significantly influenced by the number of occlusal units in the

molar region or the number of remaining teeth using the US national survey. Vitamin C and dietary fiber intake was related to mastication efficiency and occlusal force, although this significance was weak. Similarly, Kagawa et al. [28] used gummy jelly to evaluate 1535 healthy Japanese subjects (age, ≥60 years), and showed that decreased mastication functions had a greater effect on reducing fruit and vegetable intake than did the number of remaining teeth. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase In contrast, Bradbury et al. [29] reported that fruit and vegetable intake was not significantly related to subjective mastication ability as measured with a questionnaire. Another article reported that people who avoid certain foods or modify foods to make them easier to eat tend to develop malnutrition [30]. Consequently, determining all of the confounding factors that can influence nutrition is challenging, and revealing a universal relationship between tooth loss and nourishment will be difficult. It could conclude from abovementioned studies that tooth loss leads to reduced fruit and vegetable intake. Therefore, because tooth loss can definitely be a major factor in changes in nourishment, several studies have hypothesized that tooth loss is also connected to the nutritional disorders of obesity and lean body weight. Marcenes et al.