, 2009) LB

medium was supplemented with ZnCl2 (25 μg mL−

, 2009). LB

medium was supplemented with ZnCl2 (25 μg mL−1), and plates were incubated at 37 °C for 48 h. Bacitracin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) were detected by Etest (Bio-Mérieux) on Müller-Hinton plates swabbed with an inoculum of 0.5 McFarland and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. Overnight cultures were diluted to OD 0.05 in LB media containing 0.05 μg mL−1 tunicamycin (AG Scientifics). OD measurements were taken hourly for 8 h. Cell walls and WTA were prepared as previously described (Majcherczyk et al., 2003). The amount of WTA was indirectly quantified by determination of the cell wall phosphorus content (Ames & Dubin, 1960). Experiments were performed two to four times with three technical replicates per sample. LCP proteins are essential for optimal cell separation (Over et al., 2011). The severe cell division defects of double and triple LCP mutants resemble GS-1101 order those resulting from the depletion of essential peptidoglycan biosynthesis enzymes or inhibition of WTA synthesis, which both trigger VraSR signal transduction and

induction of the CWSS (Gardete et al., 2006; Sobral et al., 2007; Balibar et al., 2009; Blake et al., 2009; Campbell et al., 2012). The most sensitive indicator of staphylococcal CWSS activation is the sas016 gene, as demonstrated previously in Northern blot, promoter-luciferase fusion and microarray studies; however, its function is still unknown (McAleese et al., 2006; Dengler et al., 2011). check details selleck products We therefore determined the basal CWSS transcription levels of single, double and triple LCP mutants and compared them to those of the parent strain MSSA1112 using a probe against the CWSS gene sas016. Northern blots showed that sas016 transcription was detectably higher in single LCP mutants than in the wild type, with highest levels of transcription in the Δsa0908 mutant (Fig. 1a). Transcript levels were further increased in double LCP

mutants, Δsa0908/msrR, Δsa2103/msrR and Δsa2103/sa0908, and were extremely high in the LCP triple mutant (Fig. 1a). To compare and quantify CWSS expression at different growth stages, a promoter-luciferase reporter construct containing the sas016 promoter (psas016p-luc+) was used as previously described (McCallum et al., 2011). Figure 1b shows the luciferase activity levels measured in relative light units (RLU) in the wild type and LCP mutant strains at the time points indicated. The right graph shows the corresponding OD values of the cultures at each sampling point. To confirm patterns of CWSS upregulation, expression of the autoregulatory vra promoter from the vraSR operon was also measured, using the promoter-luciferase fusion pvrap-luc+ (Supporting information, Fig. S1).

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