4% Sorafenib in vitro at 5 years, 5.1% at 10 years, and 9.8% at 15 years. Malignancies other than HCC occurred significantly when patients were of advanced age of ≤50 years, smoking index (package per day × year) was ≥ 20, and T2DM was present. T2DM caused a 1.70-fold enhancement in the development of malignancies other than HCC. Conclusion: T2DM causes an approximately 1.7-fold enhancement in the development of HCC and malignancies other than HCC in HCV-positive patients treated with IFN. In T2DM patients, maintaining a mean HbA1c level of <7.0% reduces the development of HCC. (HEPATOLOGY 2013) Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is one of

the more common causes of chronic liver disease worldwide. Chronic hepatitis C is an insidiously progressive form Rapamycin nmr of liver disease that relentlessly but silently progresses to cirrhosis in 20%-50% of cases over a period of 10-30 years.1,2 In addition, HCV is a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).3-7 On the other hand, the prevalence of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is increasing

in many nations, including Japan.8 Thus, the management of T2DM patients who are chronically infected with HCV is one of the most important issues confronted by physicians. Few studies have reported relationships between T2DM and total malignancies, including HCC in HCV patients. In addition, it is not clear whether the stringent control of T2DM is necessary for protecting the development of malignancies in HCV patients. This issue needs to be confirmed via long-term follow-up of a large cohort of patients at high risk of developing malignancy. With this background in mind, the present study was initiated to investigate the cumulative incidence and risk factors of malignancies, including HCC

after prolonged follow-up in HCV patients treated with interferon (IFN) monotherapy or combination therapy of IFN and ribavirin. The strengths of the current study are the large numbers of patients included and the long-term follow-up of patients. medchemexpress CH, chronic hepatitis; CI, confidence interval; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; HCV, hepatitis C virus; HR, hazard ratio; IFN, interferon; LC, liver cirrhosis; SVR, sustained virological response; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; TAI, total alcohol intake. The number of patients who were diagnosed with chronic HCV infection and treated for the first time with IFN monotherapy or combination therapy between September 1990 and March 2009 in the Department of Hepatology, Toranomon Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, was 7,205.