A 633-nm excitation with a helium-neon

laser and a 650-nm longpass emission filter was used to image Alexa Fluor BTK inhibitor 633. Submerged biofilms, fruiting bodies of wild-type DK1622 or cell pellets of SW504 (ΔdifA) were incubated with purified eGFP-PilACt at 0.15 μM for 1 h at room temperature, and the samples were washed with 1 mL MOPS buffer three times. Purified eGFP protein at 0.15 μM was used as control. Carbohydrates (EPS) present in the extracellular matrix were stained with 0.15 μM Alexa 633-conjugated derivatives of the wheat germ agglutinin lectin (Alexa 633-WGA; Molecular Probes) in MOPS buffer (Lux et al., 2004) for 10 min in the dark. For excess WGA staining experiments, 1.5 μM Alexa 633-WGA was added for 1 h in the dark. SYTO 82 (Molecular Probes) was added at 2.5 μM in the samples to stain cells when

needed. The specimens were then subjected to CLSM observation immediately. CLSM image layers selected for selleck chemical analysis were converted into eight-bit monochromatic images (512 × 512 pixel in size) and imported to intensity correlation analysis (ICA; Collins & Stanley, 2006), a plugin for imagej software (http://rsbweb.nih.gov/ij/). The ICA plots for two channels were generated according to the software instructions, and the intensity correlation quotient (ICQ) was calculated as described previously (Li et al., 2004) in triplicate experiments. Binding of PilA to EPS in M. xanthus has been proposed previously (Li et al., 2003) but direct evidence for this interaction under native conditions is still lacking. To investigate the interaction between PilA and EPS, the M. xanthus PilA was exogenously expressed. As full-length type IV pilin was extremely difficult to overexpress Immune system reproducibly in vitro due to its poor solubility (Wu & Kaiser, 1997; Hazes et al., 2000; Keizer et al., 2001; Li et al., 2005), we constructed an overexpression plasmid pMXE01 carrying a truncated form of M. xanthus PilA (PilACt) which contains only the C-terminal domain (amino acids 32–208 of the mature pilin). After overexpressing

and purifying PilACt, we obtained abundant soluble recombinant proteins with the expected size (lanes 2 and 3, Fig. 1a), which could be recognized by the anti-PilA antibody (lane 2, Fig. 1b). Previous studies have shown that M. xanthus pili/pilin sheared off from the cell surface are able to bind to EPS purified from wild-type cells (Li et al., 2003). Using the precipitation assay developed by Li et al. (2003), the purified PilACt was tested for its binding to EPS. As shown in Fig. 2 (1st panel), sheared pili/pilin was precipitated by EPS, which was consistent with previous findings (Li et al., 2003). Similarly, the PilACt protein also precipitated with EPS (2nd panel, Fig. 2), indicating that the truncated form of PilA still retains the ability to bind to EPS. These results demonstrated that the C-terminal domain which lacks the first 32 amino acids of the mature PilA is sufficient for EPS binding.