Precisely determining the flavor composition of reconstructed hadronic jets is essential for advancing phenomenological studies and the quest for new physics at collider experiments, enabling the characterization of specific scattering events and the separation of spurious signals. Jet measurements at the LHC are almost invariably executed using the anti-k_T algorithm; nonetheless, a method for defining jet flavor within this algorithm, one that is infrared and collinear safe, remains elusive. We introduce a new flavor-dressing algorithm, safe in infrared and collinear limits of perturbation theory, which can be combined with any jet definition. We employ an e^+e^− environment to evaluate the algorithm's performance, considering the production of ppZ+b-jet events as a practical application at high-energy proton-proton colliders.

We introduce a collection of entanglement criteria for continuous variable systems, which are based solely on the assumption that the system's dynamics, during the evaluation, resemble that of coupled harmonic oscillators. Without any insight into the other mode's state, the Tsirelson nonclassicality test on one normal mode can determine if entanglement exists. At each round, the protocol mandates the measurement of a single coordinate's sign (e.g., position) at a specific time from a selection of possible moments. biomarker risk-management This entanglement witness, grounded in dynamic principles, displays greater affinity with Bell inequalities than with uncertainty relations, particularly in its immunity to false positives arising from classical frameworks. Our criterion's distinctive feature is its ability to find non-Gaussian states, a significant strength in contrast to other, less comprehensive criteria.

For a complete comprehension of molecular and material quantum dynamics, a precise depiction of the interacting quantum motions of electrons and atomic nuclei is essential. A new scheme is created for nonadiabatic simulations of coupled electron-nuclear quantum dynamics, including electronic transitions, through the application of the Ehrenfest theorem and ring polymer molecular dynamics. From the isomorphic ring polymer Hamiltonian, time-dependent multistate electronic Schrödinger equations are self-consistently solved using approximated equations of motion for nuclei. Each bead's motion is guided by its individual electronic configuration, thereby causing it to move on a specific effective potential. Employing an independent-bead approach, a precise account of real-time electronic population and quantum nuclear trajectory is furnished, aligning well with the exact quantum solution. The simulation of photoinduced proton transfer in H2O-H2O+ using first-principles calculations demonstrates a high degree of accuracy, consistent with the results of experiments.

While the Milky Way disk contains a significant mass fraction of cold gas, this baryonic component remains the least understood. The critical significance of cold gas density and distribution is paramount to understanding Milky Way dynamics and models of stellar and galactic evolution. Prior research, leveraging relationships between gaseous and dusty components, has facilitated high-resolution estimations of cold gas, but these measurements are often encumbered by considerable normalization inaccuracies. We propose a novel method for measuring the total gas density using Fermi-LAT -ray data, yielding similar precision as prior techniques, yet with independently evaluated systematic error. Remarkably, our results demonstrate a precision sufficient for investigating the full range of outcomes produced by the most advanced experimental endeavors globally.

Our letter showcases the potential of combining quantum metrology and networking techniques to lengthen the baseline of an interferometric optical telescope, leading to enhanced diffraction-limited imaging capabilities for point source positions. The quantum interferometer's operation relies on single-photon sources, linear optical circuits, and highly efficient photon number counters. The surprisingly high amount of Fisher information retained by the detected photon probability distribution, despite the thermal (stellar) sources' low photon count per mode and significant transmission losses across the baseline, enables a considerable improvement in the resolution of point source positioning, on the order of 10 arcseconds. Our proposal's implementation is compatible with current technological capabilities. Importantly, our plan does not call for the development of experimental optical quantum memories.

Leveraging the principle of maximum entropy, we propose a universal approach to the problem of fluctuations in heavy-ion collisions. Naturally emerging from the results are a direct connection between the irreducible relative correlators, evaluating differences in hydrodynamic and hadron gas fluctuations from the ideal hadron gas reference point. The method facilitates the identification of previously unknown parameters essential for understanding fluctuation freeze-out near the QCD critical point, as detailed by the QCD equation of state.

A pronounced nonlinear thermophoretic signature is observed in polystyrene beads when tested under varying temperature gradients. The transition to nonlinear behavior is characterized by a drastic reduction in the rate of thermophoretic motion, with the Peclet number approaching unity, and this is corroborated across different particle sizes and salt concentrations. Upon rescaling temperature gradients with the Peclet number, the data exhibit a single master curve which spans the full nonlinear range for all system parameters. In scenarios with mild temperature changes, the rate of thermal movement aligns with a theoretical linear model, predicated on the local thermal equilibrium principle, whereas theoretical linear models, founded on hydrodynamic stresses and disregarding fluctuations, project a notably reduced thermophoretic velocity in cases of pronounced temperature differences. Our study suggests that for low gradient conditions, thermophoresis is characterized by fluctuation dominance, shifting to a drift-dominated regime at higher Peclet numbers, a notable contrast to the behavior of electrophoresis.

Stellar transients, such as thermonuclear supernovae, pair-instability supernovae, core-collapse supernovae, kilonovae, and collapsars, exhibit nuclear burning as a pivotal mechanism. Astrophysical transients are now known to be intricately connected with the phenomenon of turbulence. Turbulent nuclear burning demonstrates a potential for substantial increases above the uniform background rate, as a result of the temperature fluctuations arising from turbulent dissipation. Nuclear burning rates are highly sensitive to temperature. We employ probability distribution function methods to evaluate the outcome of the turbulent boost to the nuclear burning rate in the context of distributed burning, occurring within a homogeneous isotropic turbulent environment influenced by vigorous turbulence. Empirical evidence supports a universal scaling law for the turbulent augmentation in the limit of weak turbulence. A further demonstration highlights that, for a diverse range of essential nuclear reactions, including C^12(O^16,)Mg^24 and 3-, even relatively moderate temperature fluctuations, on the order of 10%, can lead to substantial increases in the turbulent nuclear burning rate, by factors ranging from one to three orders of magnitude. Numerical simulations directly corroborate the predicted increase in turbulent activity, demonstrating exceptional agreement. An estimation of turbulent detonation initiation onset is also presented, and the implications for stellar transients are discussed in detail.

Semiconducting behavior is a sought-after property in the ongoing pursuit of efficient thermoelectric materials. However, this outcome frequently proves elusive due to the complex interplay between electronic structure, temperature variations, and disorder. Polyclonal hyperimmune globulin For the thermoelectric clathrate Ba8Al16Si30, this phenomenon is observed. Despite possessing a ground state band gap, a temperature-induced partial order-disorder transition results in its effective closure. This discovery stems from a novel approach to calculating the temperature-dependent effective band structure of alloys. Our method, fully accounting for short-range order effects, can be applied to complex alloys containing numerous atoms within the primitive unit cell, thereby eliminating the need for effective medium approximations.

Employing discrete element method simulations, we establish that the settling behavior of frictional, cohesive grains under ramped-pressure compression displays a strong history dependence and slow dynamic behavior that is conspicuously absent in grains without either frictional or cohesive properties. Initial systems, starting in a dilute state and gradually increasing pressure to a small positive final value P, exhibit packing fractions governed by an inverse-logarithmic rate law, where settled(ramp) = settled() + A / [1 + B ln(1 + ramp/slow)]. This law, although comparable to findings from classical tapping experiments on unbonded grains, exhibits a crucial distinction. The rate-limiting step is the slow process of stabilizing structural voids, unlike the faster processes of overall bulk compaction. Predicting the settled(ramp) state, we introduce a kinetic free-void-volume theory. This theory defines settled() as ALP and A as the difference between settled(0) and ALP, based on ALP.135, the adhesive loose packing fraction established by Liu et al. in the research paper on the equation of state for random sphere packings with arbitrary adhesion and friction (Soft Matter 13, 421 (2017)).

Ultrapure ferromagnetic insulators, in recent experiments, have displayed indications of hydrodynamic magnon behavior, although direct observation remains elusive. The thermal and spin conductivities of a magnon fluid are studied by deriving and analyzing coupled hydrodynamic equations. A hallmark of the hydrodynamic regime is the significant breakdown of the magnonic Wiedemann-Franz law, offering key evidence for the experimental attainment of emergent hydrodynamic magnon behavior. Subsequently, our research results open the door to the direct observation of magnon fluids.