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interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions FM conceived the idea of de-alloying and anodic oxidized supercapacitor, selleck products designed the amorphous materials, measured charging/discharging behaviors, learn more and wrote the manuscript. SK participated in fabrication of devices and performed their characterizations. Both authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Astrocytes, also known collectively as astroglia, are characteristic star-shaped glial cells in the brain and

spinal cord. Astrocytes are the most abundant cells in the human brain. They perform many functions, including biochemical support of the endothelial cells that form the blood-brain barrier, provision of nutrients to nervous tissue, and maintenance of extracellular ion balance. Additionally, astrocytes play Barasertib molecular weight a role in the repair and scarring process of the brain and spinal cord following traumatic injuries. Reproducing the complexity of the astrocytic syncytium (cell network) to support neuron regeneration in the brain is a major topic in neuroscience research. The astrocytic syncytium is considered a structural support for neurons with respect to cell-to-cell signaling. In addition to cell contact-mediated communication, in which small molecules pass through intercellular channels, astrocytes also communicate using extracellular signaling pathways and networks in a chain reaction. Astrocyte-astrocyte and astrocyte-neuron communication occurs primarily crotamiton through chemical signals [1]. The local microenvironment regulates neuronal regeneration through the astrocytic syncytium. Micro- and nanotographic environments affect

cell growth, adhesion, and physiological functions. Astroglial cells had much better cell spreading and adhesion when grown on larger micro-pillar spacing [2, 3]. Microgroove structures controlled the growth pattern in C6 glioma cells [4] and upregulated the expression levels of communication-related proteins such as the connexin family in neurons [5]. Nanopost surfaces enhanced focal adhesions in endothelial cells [6] and elongated the cell body of fibroblasts [7]. It has been demonstrated that neurons are sensitive to topographic cues of 10 nm [8]. Nanoscale structures interact with cells and direct cellular growth through mechanisms that might be different from those of microscale structures [9]. Nanotopography regulates and guides the astrocytic syncytium.