From the concentration–response peptide depletion data the effective concentration of a test substance that depletes peptides by 25% (i.e., EC25) is estimated by fitting a three-parameter log–logistic model. Substances with an EC25 ⩾ 0.1 mM are considered ‘reactive’ and those with an EC25 < 0.1 mM are considered selleck chemicals ‘highly reactive’. Both are therefore classified as ‘sensitisers’, while substances with less than 15.1% depletion at any concentration are considered ‘minimally reactive’ and classified as ‘non-sensitisers’ (Gerberick et al., 2009). The AREc32 cell line assay

was the first method exploiting the activation of the Keap1/Nrf2/ARE pathway using a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7), which contains a luciferase gene construct controlled by eight copies of the ARE cis-enhancer element (Wang et al., 2006). The cytotoxicity

of the substances is investigated in parallel by measuring adenosine triphosphate PF-562271 solubility dmso (ATP) levels. Luciferase expression at 50% above the vehicle control value is selected as representative of significant induction in any of the applied seven concentrations (max. 100 μM). Hence, test items that induce luciferase expression above this threshold are considered as potential sensitising. More recently, Natsch and Emter proposed to replace the intracellular ATP measurement by the MTT assay (Natsch and Emter, 2008). Using the metabolic-competent human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line, the developers of the KeratinoSens™ test method transferred

a stable insertion of a luciferase gene under the control of the ARE-element of the human gene AKR1C2, which has been shown to be a key sensitiser-induced gene. These cells are exposed to 12 concentrations of a test substance (max. 2000 mM) for 48 h. Luciferase induction and cytotoxicity as determined with the MTT assay are then evaluated. For luciferase expression the maximal fold-induction over (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate solvent control (Imax) and the concentration needed to reach a 1.5-fold induction (EC1.5) are calculated. For cytotoxicity the IC50, i.e. the concentration inducing 50% of the maximum cytotoxicity, value is derived. A test substance is being identified as sensitiser if the Imax shows a >1.5-fold gene induction, this induction is statistically significant above the solvent control value and the EC1.5 value is below 1000 μM in at least two of three repetitions. In addition, at EC1.5, cellular viability needs to be above 70% ( Emter et al., 2010 and Natsch et al., 2011). The LuSens assay uses a keratinocyte-derived cell line, to which a luciferase gene under the control of an ARE promoter (from the NADPH:quinone oxidoreductase 1 rat gene) was inserted (Bauch et al., 2012). In a range finding experiment the cytotoxicity of 12 test substance concentrations is evaluated by determination of a CV75 using the MTT assay.