If such analogues could be readily produced and were sufficiently stable for clinical use, then renewed attempts to develop

further derivatives of PAS would appear worthwhile (e.g. see Patole et al., 2006). The dual administration of two inhibitors, one preventing the synthesis of salicylate and the other stopping its conversion to mycobactin, could therefore be an extremely effective way of preventing the growth of mycobacteria and could therefore be useful in the treatment of tuberculosis. We thank Overseas Research Studentships (UK) for a research studentship to N.N. We also thank Dr Andrew Boa, Department of Chemistry, University of Hull, UK, for helpful discussions. “
“Autophagy is a degradation system in which cellular components Epacadostat are digested via vacuoles/lysosomes. APO866 cost In the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the induction of autophagy results from inactivation of target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1), promoting formation of the serine/threonine kinase Atg1, which is one of the key autophagy-related (Atg) proteins required for both nonselective and selective autophagy such as the cytoplasm-to-vacuole targeting (Cvt) pathway. Here, to understand the induction mechanism of autophagy in filamentous fungi, we first identified the ATG1 homolog Aoatg1 in Aspergillus oryzae and then analyzed the localization

of an enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP)–AoAtg1 fusion protein. AoAtg1–EGFP localized to pre-autophagosomal structure (PAS)-like structures, similar to Atg1 localization

in S. cerevisiae. The function of AoAtg1 was evaluated by constructing an Aoatg1 disruptant, ΔAoatg1. Conidiation and development of aerial hyphae were scarcely observed in ΔAoatg1. Moreover, autophagy in the disruptant was examined by observation of the localization of EGFP–AoAtg8 and AoApe1–EGFP, with the results indicating that AoAtg1 Tolmetin is essential for nonselective autophagy and the Cvt pathway. Furthermore, we demonstrated that the overexpression of Aoatg1 results in decreased conidiation and the excessive development of aerial hyphae and sclerotia. Taken together, our findings provide evidence for the existence of the Cvt pathway in A. oryzae. Macroautophagy (hereafter autophagy) is a highly conserved degradation pathway that mediates the turnover of bulk cytoplasmic protein and organelles induced under nutritional starvation conditions (Nakatogawa et al., 2009). Autophagy plays a number of roles associated with quality and quantity control of cytoplasmic components, including the killing of intracellular microorganisms (Deretic & Levine, 2009) and removal of damaged or depolarized mitochondria (Apostolova et al., 2011). The autophagic process consists of several sequential steps: the induction of autophagy, autophagosome formation, fusion of autophagosomes to lysosomes/vacuoles, and degradation of autophagic bodies (Mizushima, 2007).