It is well established that upon convective Afatinib cell line thermal processes, the viability of living cells is strictly influenced by both intrinsic (heat, osmotic and mechanical stress tolerance of the bacterial strains, damage of the cellular structures) and extrinsic (heat or osmotic stress pre-adaptation of the bacteria, drying kinetics and conditions, composition and structural aspects of the drying substrate, presence of thermoprotectants etc.) factors ( Fu & Chen, 2011). No acute toxic effects on the viability of L. rhamnosus GG were observed in the film forming solutions. Moreover, viability losses due to heat induced injuries

should be considered as negligible due to low drying temperatures ( Ghandi, Powell, Chen, & Adhikari, 2012). By monitoring the drying kinetics (data not shown) no significant differences in the drying rates (steady and falling drying rate) and the drying time required to achieve the endpoint water activity (0.45–0.48) were detected. Thus, we presume that the detected effects on L. rhamnosus GG appear to be due to differences in osmotic stress. In addition,

considering that during the first 4.5–5 h click here of drying, the water activity of the systems is higher than the critical water activity for growth of Lactobacilli (∼0.91), it is also presumed that the adaptation of L. rhamnosus GG in the drying substrate plays an important role in maintaining its biological activity. In this context, polydextrose and glucofibre can be considered as very good substrates for L. rhamnosus GG. Moreover, the ability of L. rhamnosus GG to

adhere better to specific substrates has been proposed as a substantial factor for overcoming heat or osmotic induced stress with proteins being characterised by excellent adhesion properties ( Burgain et al., 2013). This might be also the fact in the case of polydextrose and gluco-oligosaccharides, though further investigation is required for fully understanding the Mirabegron underlying mechanisms. In Fig. 4 the inactivation curves of L. rhamnosus GG immobilised in edible films and stored for 25 days period at room and chilling temperature conditions are displayed. The inactivation rates ( Table 1) of L. rhamnosus GG were, as it was expected, significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the systems stored at room temperature. With the exception of polydextrose edible films stored at 25 °C the presence of prebiotics in the plasticised matrices improved the storage stability of L. rhamnosus GG ( Table 2). Inulin was the most effective fibre (based on its ability to maintain the viability of L. rhamnosus GG) at both storage temperatures, followed by wheat dextrin, glucose oligosaccharides and polydextrose. Increase of storage temperature induced approximately a 4-fold acceleration of the inactivation rate of L.