J Mol Biol 2005,348(4):817–830.PubMedCrossRef 29. Brown NF, Vallance BA, Coombes BK, Valdez Y, Coburn BA, Finlay BB: Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 is expressed prior to penetrating the intestine. PLoS pathogens 2005,1(3):e32.PubMedCrossRef 30. Coombes BK, Wickham ME, Lowden MJ, Brown NF, Finlay BB: Negative regulation of Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 is required for contextual

control of virulence during typhoid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2005,102(48):17460–17465.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors indicate that there are no competing interests. Author’s contributions Conducted experiments and analyzed data: CAC, DTM, SEA. Wrote manuscript: CAC, DTM, BKC. Edited manuscript and provided essential discussion: CAC, DTM, SEA, AVCP, BKC. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Arcobacter spp. are emerging enteropathogens and potential zoonotic www.selleckchem.com/products/sn-38.html agents that can be transmitted by food and water [1]. Previous studies have demonstrated a relationship between the presence of arcobacters in water samples and bacterial indicators of faecal pollution [2, 3]. This genus Sapitinib ic50 belongs to the Campylobacteraceae family and was originally proposed by Vandamme et al. in 1991 [4] to accommodate two aerotolerant species (Arcobacter cryaerophilus

and Arcobacter nitrofigilis), which had previously been included in the Campylobacter genus. Since 2009, the number of newly described species has risen exponentially, and the genus currently comprises 18 species, eight of which were described in our laboratory [1, 5–8]. The identification of Arcobacter spp. by phenotypic testing is difficult. This is because they can easily be confused with Campylobacter spp. [1, 9]. This has led to the design of many different molecular detection and identification methods. These are based on conventional PCR, multiplex PCR (m-PCR), Cepharanthine Real Time PCR (RT-PCR), Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP), Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis PCR (DGGE-PCR), Fluorescence in situ Hybridisation (FISH)

and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry (MALDITOF MS); these methods are reviewed by Collado & Figueras [1]. The majority of PCR based methods [10–13] target the genus, or only Arcobacter butzleri and/or A. cryaerophilus[1] and references therein]. Others also include Arcobacter skirrowii[14, 15] or Arcobacter cibarius[16]. In 2010, click here Douidah et al. proposed a new m-PCR method that could identify the five species associated with humans or other mammals, i.e. A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, A. skirrowii, A. cibarius and Arcobacter thereius[9]. This m-PCR method was not able to detect Arcobacter trophiarum, which was originally isolated from pigs by De Smet et al. [17].