JAMA 1993, 269:1970–1974 PubMedCrossRef 45 Liede A, Rehal P, Ves

JAMA 1993, 269:1970–1974.PubMedCrossRef 45. Liede A, Rehal P, Vesprini D, Jack E, Abrahamson J, Narod

Protein Tyrosine Kinase SA: A breast cancer patient of Scottish descent with germline mutation in BRCAl and BRCA2. Am J Hum Genet 1998, 62:1543–1544.PubMedCrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions SSI: Participated in the design of the study; carried out the molecular genetic studies; drafted the manuscript; revised and approved the final manuscript. EEH: Participated in the design of the study; carried out the molecular genetic studies; performed the statistical analysis; read and approved the final manuscript. MMH: Participated in the design of the study; selected the patients; collected the samples; read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Introduction check details Breast cancer is the most frequent malignancy among women, about 1.05 million women suffer from and 373,000 die from breast cancer per year worldwide [1]. Most recent studies indicate that breast cancer is mainly caused by breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), and the cure for breast cancer requires BCSCs be eradicated [2, 3]. In 2003, Clarke and colleagues demonstrated that a highly tumorigenic subpopulation of BCSCs, expressing CD44+CD24-

surface marker in clinical specimen, had the capacity to form tumors with as few as one hundred cells, whereas tens of thousands of the bulk breast cancer cells did not [3]. The concept of a cancer stem cell within a tumor mass, as an aberrant form of normal differentiation, Metformin manufacturer is now gaining acceptance [4–6]. In order to simplify research procedure, some cancer cell lines were used to study BCSCs instead of patient samples, because they were found to have cancer stem-like cell potential. For instance, mammosphere cells were found to enrich breast cancer stem-like cells with the phenotype of CD44+CD24- [7]. Until

now, studies on breast cancer onset and development have been mainly focused on the epithelial components of the tumor, paying little attention to the surrounding tumor stromal niche. However, new evidences have emerged suggesting an important interaction between mammary epithelia and the adjacent tumor stroma. For example, only normal fibroblasts (NFs) but not carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) exhibit the ability to inhibit the proliferation of the tumorigenic MCF10AT, suggesting that the ability of normal stromal fibroblasts to control the 8-Bromo-cAMP dysregulation of epithelial cell proliferation during breast carcinogenesis [8]. In addition, the gene expression profile of stromal fibroblasts varies widely during cancer progression, among which it includes many genes encoding secreted proteins, such as chemokines [9, 10]. Chemokines are a superfamily of small molecule chemoattractive cytokines that mediate several cellular functions.

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