Methods: A high-resolution assembly of U-EGMs obtained from the epicardial surface of the canine postinfarction heart were analyzed in order to achieve the best prediction SB203580 manufacturer of local versus distant activation. An activation

time standard (ATS) consisted of three properties: (1) propagation of activation, evidenced by a linear temporal shift of waveforms from closely spaced U-EGMs with little or no decay in amplitude; (2) cycle length-dependent changes of those propagating waveforms; and (3) evidence of electrotonic deflections, seen as nonpropagating potentials having decaying amplitude with distance.

Results: A number of U-EGM features were calculated and subjected to analysis by comparing their occurrence with the ATS. A discriminant function analysis incorporating multiple features (Voltage, -dV/dt and Ratio) of major U-EGM deflections improved prediction of activation time of complex fractionated EMGs from ischemic canine epicardium to 90%.

Conclusion: A unique discriminant function based on sound biophysical principles markedly improved prediction of activation time

of complex U-EGMs from ischemic canine epicardium. A computerized version of the algorithm could be developed to provide more accurate activation maps for both basic and clinical click here use. (PACE 2011; 34:1105-1115)”
“Polythiophene molecules adsorbed on a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite surface were studied by

combined dynamic scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and frequency modulation atomic force microscopy (FM-AFM) with a quartz tuning fork sensor operating in Qplus mode and equipped with a Pt/Ir tip. Upon completing a careful sub-angstrom oscillation amplitude calibration of the probe, experiments were conducted in an ultra high vacuum at room temperature. By selecting the tip/surface distance regulation parameter, one can select the type of simultaneous information obtained in an area. For distance regulation Elacridar concentration based on the mean tunneling current, dynamic STM images together with maps of tip/surface force gradient were obtained. FM-AFM images with maps of the tunneling current were also acquired when the distance regulation was based on the frequency shift. Comparison between these images reveals interesting features. For example the tip which operates in STM mode with ultra low current (<10 pA) generates different interaction forces above molecules or graphite. Changes in energy dissipation processes as small as tens of millielectronvolts per cycle were recorded when the tip oscillates above the polymer or on the graphite surface. Hence data demonstrates that a stiff piezoelectric tuning fork of several kilonewtons/meters working as an AFM/STM probe with sub-angstrom amplitude can characterize weakly adsorbed molecules.