Moreover, following EPD treatment for 6 weeks, three mice were kept alive for another month to see if the reduced abdomen would stay of normal size. Two mice kept their normal size abdomen, whereas, after 6 weeks the abdomen of the third mouse started to increase in size (Table 2). Table 2 Average abdomen size and standard deviation of BALB/c nude mice Average abdomen size and standard deviation (cm) Control cisplatin EPD Days AV SD AV SD AV SD 1 2.1 0.173 2.567 0.115 2.333 0.115 7 2.4 0.173 8 2.333 0.153 2.525 0.33
12 2.367 0.231 14 2.5 0.258 16 2.767 0.153 19 2.475 0.222 2.267 0.058 21 3 0.346 2.5 0.183 26 3.1 selleck inhibitor 0.141 2.1 0.1 1.967 0.208 33 2 0 36 2.267 0.058 61 2.467 0.289 63 2.533 0.321 68 2.7 0.794 The rate of change in abdomen size for the mice was
determined by linear regression (Figure 2) and statistically evaluated for significance by the unpaired t test. Control versus Cisplatin treated mice were significantly different, P = 0.023, as were control versus EPD treated mice, P = 0.025, whereas, EPD versus Cisplatin treated mice were not significantly different, AZD0156 chemical structure P = 0.13. Figure 2 Changes in abdomen size for control and treated mice. Discussion The chemical constituents composition of aerial parts of C. amaranthoides have been examined once before by Zdero et al. [16]. None of the constituents reported by them were identified in the C. amaranthoides described in this study. The three Leukotriene-A4 hydrolase constituents reported [16] are isomeric with the two major constituents reported in this study, EDP and EPA. The different constituents reported previously may be due
to incomplete isolation and analyses or possibly the result of variation in constituent profiles of plant phenotypes. Another click here possible explanation is degradation on storage. Our studies have shown that freshly dried plant material is necessary as dried plant material stored for over three years was found to yield less than one-tenth of the normal yield of EDP and EPA. For the first time the anti-cancer activity of C. amaranthoides has been examined. Two major sesquiterpenes with the eremophilanolide structure sub-type were identified by 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR and by mass spectrometry and by comparison with published 1H-NMR partial spectra as eremophila-1(10)-11(13)-dien-12,8β-olide (EPD or Xanthanodien) and eremophila-1(10),11(13)-dien-12-oic acid (EPA) [14, 15]. Belonging to the family of Asteraceae, this family has contributed a large number of natural products including SL’s. The alpha-methylene gamma-lactone ring is responsible for their bioactivity. Various SL’s have demonstrated their anti-cancer capability in in vitro cell culture and by prevention of metastasis in in vivo animal models [6]. Thus, it is not surprising that C.