Overall, among the seven truncated cases, only one strain harboured a complete gene PX-478 at the second locus, suggesting that neither HomA nor HomB are expressed in vitro at locus A or B for the six remaining strains. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of homB and homA genes The phylogenetic reconstruction of homB and homA showed two independent branches for each gene (Fig. 2), suggesting a divergent evolution. Two predominant clusters corresponding to East Asian and Western countries were observed for homB gene pointing

to a separation by geographical origin. For homA, the geographical segregation was not evident since this gene is rare in East Asian countries. Both homB and homA displayed a high similarity at the nucleotide level (92.8% ± 1.82 and 93.7% ± 2.20, respectively) and at the amino acid level (92.8% ± 1.82 and 94.0% ± 2.30, respectively). Furthermore, together they Captisol cell line shared a similarity of 88.6% ± 0.006 at the nucleotide level and 89.4% ± 0.009 at the amino acid level. Figure 2 Phylogenetic analysis of 58 homB and 48 homA sequences, H 89 chemical structure obtained from Helicobacter pylori clinical strains from different geographical regions. The branch length index is represented below the tree. Country of origin is located at the beginning of each strain designation (Pt, Portugal;

Fr, France; Sw, Sweden; Gr, Germany; USA; Br, Brazil; Col, Colombia; Jp, Japan; Ko, Korea; BF, Burkina Faso) followed by the homB or homA status.

Dotted circle, East Asian cluster; Full circle, Western cluster. The sequence of the homB and homA genes of the three H. pylori reference strains, 26695, J99 and HPAG1, were also included. Rebamipide The dotted line separates the homB and homA clusters. The numbers next to the main nodes are bootstrap values over 75% after 1000 iterations. The molecular distance and the nucleotide substitution rates, synonymous (Ks) and non-synonymous (Ka) substitutions, were similar for both homB and homA genes, as well as the mean Ka to mean Ks ratios (Ka/Ks) (Table 1). The type of selection operating at the amino acid level can be detected by comparing Ka and Ks [15]. Since Ka/Ks was less than 1 for both genes, the purifying selection hypothesis was tested and a significant P value obtained supports the hypothesis of conservation at the protein level (PZ-Test <0.001). Table 1 Analysis of molecular distances, synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions of homB (n = 67) and homA (n = 50), for sequences corresponding to the entire gene and to gene segments 1, 2 and 3.   homB (n = 67*) homA (n = 50*)   Entire gene Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Entire gene Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Mol. distant (nt) 0.077 ± 0.004& 0.067 ± 0.005 0.124 ± 0.014 0.075 ± 0.005 0.077 ± 0.004 0.087 ± 0.006 0.107 ± 0.013 0.068 ± 0.005 No. differences (nt) 138.847 ± 7.207 45.324 ± 3.377 23.737 ± 2.226 68.178 ± 4.386 136.550 ± 6.403 55.546 ± 3.750 20.104 ± 2.182 62.103 ± 4.