The data supporting a role for these brain regions in depression has

been extensively reviewed elsewhere,136-141 and primarily Dolutegravir include studies of depression in neurological disease (such as Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s dementia, and traumatic brain injury including stroke), neuropathological studies in depressed patients, and neuroimaging studies. On a histological level, evidence suggests a number of microstructural Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical abnormalities in depression, including defects in neuronal and glial cell structure and white matter integrity.140,142 As data have accumulated, increasingly complex models of mood regulation have been developed.136,137,139,143,144 These models are largely based on the premise that widely distributed brain regions are structurally Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical and functionally connected such that their coordinated activity is required for normal mood regulation. Thus, there is less

emphasis on the function of a specific Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical brain region in isolation, and more weight given to how multiple brain regions function together. Depression, and other mood disorders, are then characterized by network dysfunction (ie, abnormalities in the coordination of two or more brain regions). Neural network models of depression form the basis for several exciting directions for future mood disorders research. It is expected that neuroimaging methods will continue to become more sophisticated and better describe the structure and function of the brain in depressed patients at various Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical stages in the illness (eg, prior to treatment, in remission, or during treatment resistance). Novel uses of neuroimaging

(many of which have been mentioned in previous Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical sections) include receptor/transporter imaging, combined pharmacology-imaging studies, neurochemical challenge studies, and functional imaging studies (both resting state and task-activated). Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) provides information on the integrity of white matter tracts and can be used for PAK6 tractography145; such studies may help correlate abnormalities in functional connectivity in depression with abnormalities in structural connectivity. Combination of imaging with other research methods (eg, genetic, neuroendocrine, and focal brain stimulation [discussed below]) may eventually help provide detailed multifactorial “profiles” of depressive subtypes. Another research direction that has both developed out of, and contributed to, neural network theories of depression is focal brain stimulation.