The magnitude of the fold change is not the same. This is most

probably due to the fact that the array analysis is based on a cross-species hybridization whereas the RT-PCR has been performed using species homologous primers. It is likely that the RT-PCR analysis reflects more accurately the fold change in expression. Discussion The virus replication cycle involves a series of host-virus interactive processes causing changes in expression of cellular genes, and an infected host activates both innate and adaptive immune responses to www.selleckchem.com/products/netarsudil-ar-13324.html eliminate the invading virus [17]. The pig is an ideal animal model for studying human diseases, so the identification of pig model biomarkers for viral diseases is an important step towards identification of human counterparts. The identification of biomarkers has already been proposed as a way to create new diagnostic tools for specific microbial infection [18, 19]. Previous studies

have shown the value of using cross-species hybridization [20]. Here, using the Illumina human oligonucleotide Refset in a cross-species study we identified hundreds of probes with expression levels that were altered in brain and lung following CBL0137 cost wild type PRV infection of young piglets, which typically have more severe clinical manifestations than the adult. In adult pigs one observes mainly, or exclusively, the respiratory symptoms, whereas in piglets and rodent hosts there is invariably invasion of the central nervous system (CNS) [21, 22]: piglets exhibit signs in the form of tremor, trembling and incoordination. Thus piglets permit the potential identification of a wider spectrum of genes involved in the disease processes in different tissues. Classification of the genes that are Wnt inhibitor differentially expressed PLEKHM2 in piglet brain into functional groups(Additional

file 2) revealed that several genes are also implicated in human neurodegenerative disorders. These include genes in the pathways for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (NEF3, NEFL, NEFH), Huntington’s disease (CALM3, CLTC, CLTB), neurodegenerative disorders (APLP1, NEFH, FBXW7), Parkinson’s disease (GPR37) and prion disease (APLP1, NFE2L2). It is not known if these transcriptional changes are primary or secondary effects of the PRV infection. Several members of the immune response pathways (eg. the B cell receptor signaling pathway, the Fc epsilon RI signaling pathway, natural killer cell mediated cytotoxicity and the T cell receptor signaling pathway) were also transcriptionally regulated by PRV infection in brain. This is in agreement with the results from PRV or HSV-1 infection in primary cultures of rat embryonic fibroblasts [5]. In addition, similar changes to immune response pathway (e.g. antigen processing and presentation, complement and coagulation cascades), cell differentiation and metabolism pathway genes have been described in the host following PRV infection in rat CNS [6].