They were resistant to all of the antibiotics tested except polymyxin (amikacin, gentamicin, imipenem, meropenem, cefazolin, ceftazidime, cefotaxime, cefepime, aztreonam, ampicillin, piperacillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin/sulbactam, piperacillin/tazobactam, Entospletinib mouse sulfanilamide, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and tetracycline). Partial 16 S rRNA genes of the 3

strains were sequenced and deposited in GenBank under the accession numbers [GenBank: JF313142] (AB09V), [GenBank: JF313143] (AB0901), and [GenBank: JF313144] (AB0902). Nucleotide blast analysis further confirmed that the three strains were A. baumannii. Stability investigation Temperature and pH stability are two important parameters in the storage of therapeutic phage. Thus, the stability of ZZ1 was investigated at different pHs and temperatures. As shown in Figure 3, no obvious effect on ZZ1 activity was observed after 1 h of selleck chemicals incubation at pH levels ranging from 4 to 9. However, the phage completely lost its infectivity at pH 10 or higher and pH 3 or lower. Within 1 h of incubation at pH 4, the phage infectivity decreased by approximately

87%, and a titer of 6.0 × 108 PFU/ml of active phage ZZ1 was detected at the end of the incubation. The maximum stability of the phage was observed at a pH between 6 and 7. In addition, the results of thermal stability tests shown in Figure 4 suggest that ZZ1 was relatively heat stable over 1 h

at temperatures between 50°C and 60°C, and no significant loss in phage activity was observed. At 70°C, the phage titer quickly Adriamycin purchase dropped, and no viral particles were detected after 40 min. Furthermore, phage activity was completely lost at 80°C within the first 1 min of incubation. The ZZ1 phage lysate retained almost 100% of its infection activity when stored at both 25°C and 4°C for several months (data not shown). Figure 3 ZZ1 stability test based on pH. The phage ZZ1 was incubated at different pH values for one hour before determination of the number why of infectious phage particles. Figure 4 ZZ1 heat stability test. Samples were taken at different time intervals to determine the titer of the surviving infectious phage particles. Investigation of antimicrobial activity of ZZ1 against AB09V at different temperatures Optimal A. baumannii growth occurs over a very broad temperature range [10]. As shown in Figure 5, the AB09V lawns grew well on nutrient agar plates at temperatures ranging from 25°C to 42°C. However, the antimicrobial activity of ZZ1 is clearly influenced by temperature variations. When the plates were incubated at different temperatures, the minimum phage concentrations required to form clear spots on AB09V lawns were different: 105 PFU/ml at 35°C, 37°C, and 39°C; 106 PFU/ml at 30°C and 40°C; 108 PFU/ml at 25°C; and 109 PFU/ml at 42°C.