We have recently shown that Spn9802 PCR and P6 PCR are specific for S. pneumoniae and

H. influenzae when bacterial strains have been tested. Nevertheless, colonization of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae in the respiratory tract Eltanexor manufacturer is problematic for both culture and PCR. To overcome this problem semi-quantitative culture is often used. In our study a detection limit of 105 DNA copies/mL for positive Spn9802 and P6 PCRs yielded a high specificity but somewhat reduced the sensitivity. Similar results have been seen in previous studies [6, 32, 33] based on BAL culture and demonstrated that a cut-off of 104-105 CFU/mL allow differentiation between colonization and infection of the lower respiratory tract. However, CFU/mL does not automatically correspond to the number of DNA copies/mL since several bacteria may aggregate and generate one colony although they constitute several genome equivalents. Furthermore, as described above antibiotic PD0332991 ic50 treatment before sampling and smoking habits have an effect on the number of detected bacteria. Thus patient treatment and the patient group characteristics affect the possibility of using quantification to differentiate

between colonization and infection. When the multiplex PCR was applied on CSF samples, our assay was able to buy LY2109761 detect all the cases of N. meningitidis and S. pneumoniae that were found by culture and/or 16 S PCR in a previous study [24]. The problem of choosing optimal targets for S. pneumonia and H. influenzae has been addressed above. The primer pair used for N. meningitidis in our assay has previously been used in a multiplex assay for detection of bacterial meningitis [14] and even been

evaluated in a major interlaboratory comparison of PCR-based identification of meningococci [34] as well as in selleck chemicals other studies with satisfying results [35, 36]. Conclusions Although culture is still indispensable in bacteriological diagnostics multiplex PCR enables concurrent diagnostics of viruses and fungi and provides a powerful tool for analysis. We conclude that the multiplex format of the assay facilitates diagnostics of S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae and N. meningitidis and is suitable for analysis of both respiratory tract tract and CSF specimens. The assay also enable detection after antibiotic treatment has been installed. Quantification increases the specificity of etiology for pneumonia. Acknowledgements The study was supported by funds from the Uppsala-Örebro Regional Research Council. References 1. File TM: Community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet 2003, 362:1991–2001.PubMedCrossRef 2. Lode HM: Managing community-acquired pneumonia: a European perspective. Respir Med 2007, 101:1864–1873.PubMedCrossRef 3. Koedel U, Scheld WM, Pfister HW: Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of pneumococcal meningitis. Lancet Infect Dis 2002, 2:721–736.PubMedCrossRef 4.