ZFFnic and

ZFFsoj from different zoospore suspensions, their ethyl acetate extracts, four positive controls (N-hexanoyl-, N-octanoyl-, N-decanoyl-, and dodecanoyl-DL-homoserine lactones (Sigma-Aldrich, Atlanta, Georgia, US) and a negative control (SDW) were included in the experiments. All AHLs were assessed at concentrations of 10 nM and 100 nM. In plate assays, 10 μl of ZFF, a synthetic AHL or SDW was injected at the center of the test plates with a pipette once the overlay was set. After incubation at 28°C for 2 days, LacZ activity was measured by the diameter of the blue area in test plates. The experiments were performed four times, and each experiment had two replicate plates. In

spectrophotometric assays, the reporter was pre-induced LY294002 ic50 in the AT medium containing antibiotics and stored at -80°C. The thawed cells were resuspended in AT medium (1:1000). A 200-μl aliquot of ZFF or SDW, or 50 μl of synthetic AHL was added to glass tubes containing 2 ml suspension. Cultures were grown on a shaker at 28°C until OD600 = 1.0 (1.5 days). The bacterial cells in each tube were lysed by the addition CB-5083 mw of 800 μl of Z buffer, 20 μl of 0.05% SDS and 30 μl of chloroform followed by vortexing. LacZ activity was measured using the Miller Unit at OD420 for the supernatant after the reaction with 100 μl of ONPG was ended by 1 M Na2CO3. The experiment was carried out in replicate and performed twice. Statistical analysis Data from independent experiments were processed and statistically analyzed using ANOVA in Excel. All P-values were determined based on one-way ANOVA unless otherwise

stated. Acknowledgements Thalidomide The authors are indebted to Dr. Jun Zhu at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine for providing AHL-reporter strain KYC55 and the assay protocol. This work was supported in part by grants to CH from USDA-NIFA (2005-51101-02337 and 2010-51181-21140) and to ZSZ from NIAID/NIH (1R01AI058146) as well as an oomycete genomics and bioinformatics training fellowship to PK, supported by the NSF Research Selleck Mocetinostat Collaboration Networks grant to BMT for the oomycete community. References 1. Erwin DC, Ribeiro OK: Phytophthora Diseases Worldwide. St Paul, MN, USA: APS Press; 1996. 2. Dick MW: Keys to Pythium . Reading, U. K.: University of Reading; 1990. 3. Deacon JW, Donaldson SP: Molecular recognition in the homing responses of zoosporic fungi, with special reference to Pythium and Phytophthora . Mycol Res 1993, 97:1153–1171.CrossRef 4. Erwin DC, Bartnicki-Garcia S, Tsao PH: Phytophthora: Its Biology, Taxonomy, Ecology, and Pathology. St. Paul, Minnesota, USA: The American Phytopathologcal Society; 1983. 5. Judelson HS, Blanco FA: The spores of Phytophthora: Weapons of the plant destroyer. Nature Reviews Microbiology 2005,3(1):47–58.PubMedCrossRef 6.