61 1.2 ± 0.1 Eurytoma californica Ashmead, 1887 Eurytomidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Andricus

Maraviroc ic50 quercuscalifornicus 8.18 1.4 ± 0.1 Bassus nucicola Muesebeck, 1940 Braconidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Cydia latiferreana 6.08 1.6 ± 0.2 Ozognathus cornutus LeConte, 1859 Anobiidae Coleoptera Late inquiline Gall tissue 4.29 8.3 ± 3.0 sp. A Rhinotermitidae Isoptera Late inquiline Gall tissue 2.19 1.0 ± 0 Forficula auricularia Linnaeus 1758 Forficulidae Dermaptera Facultative Gall tissue 1.54 1.1 ± 0.1 sp. B Unknown Psocoptera Late inquiline Gall tissue 1.54 18.4 ± 5.6 sp. C Latriidae Coleoptera Fungivore Fungus on gall? 1.38 22.7 ± 10.4 sp. D Cleridae Coleoptera Predator Unknown 0.57 1.0 ± 0 sp. E Ichneumonidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Cydia latiferreana? 0.32 1.3 ± 0.3 sp. F Vespidae Hymenoptera Facultative predator Unknown 0.32 1.8 ± 0.6 sp. G Aphididae Hemiptera Facultative? Unknown 0.24 15.3 ± 16.5 Chrysus spp. Chrysididae Hymenoptera GSK-3 inhibitor Parasitoid Vespid wasp 0.16 1.0 ± 0 Eudecatoma ssp. Eurytomidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Andricus quercuscalifornicus 0.16 1.0 ± 0 sp. H Eupelmidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Andricus quercuscalifornicus? 0.16 1.0 ± 0 Cadra cautella Walker 1863 Pyralidae Lepidoptera Early inquiline Gall tissue 0.16 1.0 ± 0 Goniosus

spp. Bethylidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Cydia latiferreana? 0.08 6.0 Torymus tubicola (Osten-Sacken, 1870) Torymidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Andricus quercuscalifornicus 0.08 1.0 sp. I Sphecid Hymenoptera Facultative predator Unknown 0.08 1.0 Mature oak apple galls (n = 1234) were collected into sealed cups in June-July 2007, and insects were reared out

of them until January 2009. Insect species are arranged by the frequency of their presence in galls. “Guild” denotes the relationship of each insect to the gall. Guild was determined experimentally for the 7 most abundant species and from taxonomic literature for the rare species. The mean (±standard error) of the number of each species emerging from galls in which that species was present is shown Fig. 1 Interactions between the most common insects found in oak apple galls (formed by A. quercuscalifornicus) in the Central Valley of California. Interactions arising from “Gall Induction” denote gall-inducers or inquilines (insects Forskolin concentration that feed on the gall material, not the gall-making insect). Panels are arranged by trophic level Differences in presence and abundance of insects based on gall size and locality Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA—an ordination technique that is robust to non-linearity in species associations across environmental gradients) showed that insect communities within galls varied across galls of different size (CCA, permutation test, P < 0.01), phenology (CCA, permutation test, P < 0.01), and location (CCA, permutation test, P < 0.01). MANCOVA similarly revealed that the community of insects emerging from oak apple galls was associated with gall size and collection locality with linear trends (Table 2).