Qualitative research helps to understand human experience and meaning within a given context using text rather than numbers, interpreting experience and meaning to generate understanding, and recognizing the role of the researcher in the construction of knowledge. A useful description of qualitative research is as follows: ‘Qualitative research begins with assumptions, a worldview, the possible use of a theoretical lens, and the study of research problems inquiring into the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human Sirolimus datasheet problem. To study this problem, qualitative researchers use an emerging

qualitative approach to inquiry, the collection of data in a natural setting sensitive to the people and places under study, and data analysis is inductive and establishes patterns or themes. The final written report or presentation includes the voices of participants, the reflexivity of the researcher, and a complex description and interpretation of the problem, and it extends the literature or signals a call for action.’ ( Creswell, 2007, p. 37) The purpose of this paper is to explore the underpinning philosophy behind qualitative research and to help do this, some comparisons will be made to quantitative research. It is possible that readers only familiar with quantitative research may actually be relatively unaware of their ontological

and epistemological assumptions. They are so taken for granted that they are often not explicitly stated in research papers. Two very different paradigms, or theoretical frameworks, positivism/post-positivism and interpretivism

Olaparib supplier commonly (but not always) underpin quantitative and qualitative research respectively and are summarised in Table 4. Before launching into each paradigm it may be useful to define terms. Ontology is used here to refer to the nature of reality. It is the claims or assumptions that a particular approach makes about the nature of the reality under investigation (Blaikie, 1993). Epistemology is used here to refer to the ways in which it is possible to gain knowledge of this reality. It is the claims or assumptions about how that reality can be made known (Blaikie, 1993). An epistemology is a theory of knowledge of what can be known and what criteria it uses to justify it being knowledge. This paradigm ID-8 (also known as the scientific method or empirical science) developed during the enlightenment in the eighteenth century when rational thought and reason replaced religion and faith to explain phenomena. It assumes a stable reality that can be measured and observed in a rigorous and systematic way to develop objective knowledge (facts). Ontologically, it assumes a single objective reality. Social reality is considered a complex result of causal relations between events, with the cause of human behaviour external to the individual.

Major environmental impacts are related to shipping, dredging, fishing, leisure activities, energy production and networks as well as to land use (via riverine inputs). The Kattegat area between Denmark in Sweden also sees intense

shipping. However, unlike the south-western Baltic Sea this area can typified as a transition area. In both aspects, selleck chemicals llc environmental conditions and anthropogenic uses, it is characterized by the transition between North Sea and Baltic Sea. It includes single international harbors with direct access to the Atlantic such as Gothenburg port and acts as a gate to the Baltic Sea for a large number of ships. Despite locally intense anthropogenic use, this area does not act as much as a transport node as a regional hub does. Also the overall intensity of uses

is lower than in local or regional hubs whereas the influence of maritime transport and industrial activities (e.g. port industries, energy production) is stronger than in rural areas. The boundaries of all the above defined zones should be recognized as fuzzy and it is possible that further spatial categories may occur locally within these zones, especially in coastal waters. The results of this study show that different spatial categories exist in the Baltic Sea on a macro-regional level. These categories can be defined by the type of anthropogenic activities on and in the sea, by the intensity of these activities, by environmental impacts on the marine environment as well as by the spatial connectivity of sub-spaces with other spaces. For the

Baltic Sea the analyzed data sets indicate the existence of seven spatial categories from barely used GSK2118436 manufacturer wilderness to an intensively used regional hub. The intensities of both anthropogenic activities and environmental impacts correspond to some degree with two other distribution patterns, the distribution of population density and the distribution of maritime employment. While population density can be understood as driver for the development of various spatial categories, the distribution of maritime employment indicates the importance of the sea for regional development CHIR-99021 in vitro on land. Interestingly, virtually all the identified spatial categories are transnational in character with local hubs being the only exception. From a managerial point of view this supports the call for cross-border Marine Spatial Planning (MSP) as formulated in the upcoming EU framework directive on Maritime Spatial Planning and Coastal Management. Continuous spaces with consistent features ask for joint planning and management approaches beyond administrative borders. In addition, the identified spatial typology suggests the existence of a macro-regional system of sub-spaces on a pan-Baltic level. This spatial system is finely graduated and covers a large range from nearly untouched areas via rural space and transport corridors to hubs of macro-regional importance.

Following his post-doc, Steve returned briefly to Ottawa and then accepted a faculty position in the Department of Psychology at Concordia University in Montreal. In 1998, we had the great fortune of recruiting

him to the Department of Psychiatry at the UMDNJ-New Jersey Medical School in Newark, where he established an exceptional basic science program in PNI. Steve Z-VAD-FMK research buy was also active in the school’s Interdisciplinary PhD program and in the Rutgers-UMDNJ Integrative Neuroscience Program, mentoring numerous pre-doctoral students and post-doctoral fellows. He became a key member of our largely clinical Department of Psychiatry, admired and sought after by clinical Residents as a teacher and research mentor, and appointed Director of Research in the department in 2009. Steve’s expertise, his respect for science and for colleagues, and his exceptional common sense made him a highly regarded member of NIH Study Sections and of the Editorial Board of BBI. His colleagues recall him as an outstanding champion of PNI research on study sections that often had only limited understanding of the field. Important funded research in PNI might never have happened if not for Steve’s erudite and articulate advocacy. And he stayed with the task,

even at the cost of having less time for his own work. Keith Kelley, who served on an NIH study section with Steve and then asked him to serve on the editorial board of BBI in Montelukast Sodium 2006, PI3K inhibitor noted his insightful, inquisitive mind and his knack for recognizing good science, as well as his warm, welcoming smile and infectious love for biomedical research. Recently, Steve co-edited “The Neuroimmunological Basis of Behavior and Mental Disorders” with Allan Siegel, a fitting expression of the scope of his interests. His trail-blazing collaboration with Siegel on cytokines and aggression has transformed that field, most recently elucidating TNF-alpha effects on aggressive

behavior. At the time of his death, Steve was especially excited about findings concerning effects of soluble IL-2 and IL-6 receptors on stereotypic behaviors and on the role of anti-streptococcus IgM and dopamine in mediating stereotypic movements. The first report, by Steve and his colleagues, on the specific role of IgM in precipitating unique behavioral disturbances is presented elsewhere in this issue of BBI (Zhang et al., 2012). Steve Zalcman devoted himself fully and unconditionally to the people he loved, the activities he valued, and the ideas he cherished. He inspired those around him, opening many minds to new ways of thinking and perceiving. He was individualistic and meticulous, with an unquenchable curiosity and an elegant mind. He challenged conventions with intellectual and personal integrity. Steve was taken from us as he was approaching the peak of his career.

In the CHI group there were 68.4%, 31.5% and 15.7% TCD signs of mild, moderate and severe VSP, respectively. Lastly, OSI 744 in the CHI/IED group there were 29%, 23.5% and 17.6% TCD signs of mild, moderate and severe VSP, respectively. TCD evidence of intracranial hypertension was seen in 57.1% PHI patients, in 63% of PHI/IED patients, in 63.1% of CHI patients and in 50% of CHI/IED patients. While there were no overall differences in the presence of VSP, there were statistical significant differences between frequency of degrees of TCD signs of VSP between different TBI groups (p < 0.001). Post hoc analysis revealed that

PHI and CHI groups had higher frequency of mild VSP compared to both CHI/IED

and PHI/IED (p < 0.05). The PHI/IED group had higher frequency of moderate VSP compared the CHI, PHI, and CHI/IED groups (p < 0.05) ( Table 1). These results suggest that abnormal TCD findings are frequent in patients with wartime TBI and indicate posttraumatic VSP and intracranial hypertension in a significant number of patients. Additionally, delayed cerebral arterial spasm is a frequent complication of combat TBI and severity of cerebral VSP is comparable to that seen in aneurysmal SAH. This confirms earlier data that traumatic SAH is associated with a high incidence of cerebral VSP with a higher probability LDK378 solubility dmso in patients with severe TBI [1], [4] and [5]. Another cause of abnormally high CBFV’s could be reactive hyperemia after TBI; however literature suggests that global post-trauma malignant hyperemia is present primarily in acute mafosfamide stage of TBI [13]. Though, more recent data showed that post-TBI focal hyperemia can be present up to 3 weeks [14]. In our study utilization of Lindegaard ratio and qualitative evaluation of Doppler spectrum were helpful to differentiate between hyperemia and

VSP. Of interests is the finding that the PHI/IED TBI group had higher frequency of TCD signs of moderate VSP when compared to other TBI groups. This result emphasizes the point that explosive blast TBI is one of the more serious wounds suffered by United States service members injured in the current conflicts in Iraq and Afghanistan. Observations suggest that the mechanism by which explosive blast injures the central nervous system may be more complex than initially assumed [15]. The purpose of monitoring patients with TBI is to detect treatable and reversible causes of neurological deterioration. There are numerous causes of such deterioration after TBI and frequent neurological examinations, and the availability of urgent neuroimaging and EEG are standards in the management of patients with traumatic SAH. Physiological monitoring modalities include TCD, electroencephalography, brain tissue oxygen monitoring, cerebral microdialysis and near-infrared spectroscopy.

Although, as a type III interferon that shares signaling pathways with type I interferons, 24 it most likely protects via a direct mechanism on the hepatocyte, possibly inhibiting HCV replication like the related molecule IFN-λ1 25 or rendering cells less susceptible to infection. 26 Additionally, IFN-λ2 does not appear to directly affect NK cells. 27 Therefore, there is a biologic rationale for the separation of these 2 genetic effects. One model for resistance to, or resolution of, HCV

infection is that possession of multiple independent protective factors may synergize to provide protection against chronic infection so that individuals with more protective factors have a greater chance of resolution of HCV infection. Our data do not support this hypothesis. Instead, we propose that KIR:HLA and IL28B define 2 genetically distinct subpopulations of individuals this website who are relatively protected against chronic HCV infection. Future genetic studies of resolution of HCV infection should stratify for these genotypes to take this heterogeneity into account. The authors thank Dr Bernard North for statistical advice. “
“Evidence from

a meta-analysis of longitudinal studies among adults indicated an association between whole grain (WG) intake and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and overweight [1]. Whole grain intake among school-aged children (third-sixth grades) and female adolescents was associated with lower body mass index z-scores and lower risk of overweight in young adulthood, respectively GSK-3 phosphorylation [2] and [3]. The protective health benefits of WG have been attributed to numerous components including total dietary fiber and bioactive compounds

in bran and germ such as vitamins, minerals, trace elements, polyphenols, alkylresorcinols, and learn more carotenoids [4], [5], [6] and [7]. US Dietary Guideline recommendations indicate that at least half of all grains be consumed as WGs [8], which typically includes at least 3 ounce equivalents (oz eq)/d for adults and 1.5 to 4 oz eq/d for children/adolescents, depending on age, sex, and energy needs [8]. However, US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 1999 to 2004 data showed that only 1.5% to 4.3% of children/adolescents, 4.8% of adults aged 19 to 50 years, and 6.6% of adults aged 51+ years consumed at least 3 WG oz eq/d [9] and [10]. Most children/adolescents and adults also do not consume the recommended grams/day of total dietary fiber [11]. Adequate Intake (AI) values of 19 to 25 g/d were established for children aged 1 to 8 years, 31 to 38 g/d for boys aged 9 to 18 years, 26 g/d for girls aged 9 to 13 years, and 21 to 38 g/d for women and men 19 years or older from Dietary Reference Intakes [12]. Based on data from NHANES 2003 to 2006, less than 3% of children/adolescents had a usual fiber intake that was greater than the AI [11].

, 2008). However, no study has examined connectivity amongst different regions in the infant brain when language processing takes place. This study is the first step toward understanding how the infant brain creates networks when establishing word-referent associations. This research was supported by MEXT KAKENHI (#15300088, #22243043, Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research on Innovative

Areas #23120003) to M.I. and H.O., MEXT KAKENHI (#21120005) and JST PRESTO to K.K., MEXT GCOE program to Tamagawa University, BBSRC Research Development Fellowship (BB/G023069/1) to S.K., Economic and Social Research Council (ES/E024556/1) and European Research Council (ERC-SG-209704) to G.T, and Grant-in-Aid for JSPS Research Fellows (#23-2872) to M.A. We thank Yumi Nakagawa,Yuji Mizuno, Junko Kanero and Mamiko Arata for help in data collection and analysis, and Marilyn Vihman for comments on an earlier version of the manuscript. Dabrafenib ic50 M.A. and M.I. are joint first authors. G.T. and S.K. made equal contributions. The authors declare no competing financial interests. “
“Storing and processing SB203580 purchase word

meanings involves a widely distributed network of brain regions. Investigating how elements of this network respond to different types of word can provide important insights into the functional organisation of the system. This study focused on differential activations during comprehension of concrete versus abstract words (e.g., rope vs hope). Two main classes of theory have been proposed to account for these. The first class claims that concrete and abstract words differ in terms of their representational substrate. It is often claimed that abstract words have weak or impoverished semantic representations ( Jones, 1985, Plaut and Shallice, 1993 and Wiemer-Hastings

and Xu, 2005). Jones (1985), for example, found that participants judged it easier to predicate (i.e., generate factual statements for) concrete concepts than for abstract. This representational weakness Methocarbamol for abstracts might come about because they lack information gained from sensory experience. The most well-known of these is dual-coding theory ( Paivio, 1986), which states that while both concrete and abstract concepts are used and experienced verbally, only concrete words are associated with sensory-perceptual information acquired through direct experience of their referents. Paivio proposed that verbal and sensory-perceptual information were represented in separate stores and that concrete words benefited from dual-coding in both stores, while abstract words were represented only in the verbal store. Recent studies have explored other aspects of experience that might be particularly salient for abstract concepts. Abstract words are more strongly associated with emotion and valence responses ( Kousta et al., 2011 and Vigliocco et al., 2014), for example and some abstract words are closely linked to spatial and temporal relationships ( Troche, Crutch, & Reilly, 2014).

Although our understanding of RNAi in insects is still limited, with many knowledge gaps, recent advances

suggest the exceptional promise this field holds for developing a new generation of management tools for the control of agricultural pests. “
“Event Date and Venue Details from 2013 *WEED SCIENCE SOCIETY OF AMERICA ANNUAL MEETING 04–07 FebruaryBaltimore, MD, USA. Info: K. Counter, E-mail: [email protected]: CDK inhibition http://www.wssa.net *1V INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON INSECT SCIENCE 14–17 FebruaryBangalore, INDIA Info: http://www.icis2013.in INTERNATIONAL HERBICIDE RESISTANCE CONFERENCE 18–22 February Perth, AUSTRALIA Info: S. Powles, AHRI, School of Plant Biol., Univ. of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Hwy., Crawley, Perth 6009, WA, AUSTRALIA Fax: 61-8-6488-7834 Voice: 61-8-6488-7870 E-mail: [email protected] MIDWEST AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOCIETY MEETING 03–06 March Cleveland, OH, USA. Info: www.mapms.org *WESTERN SOCIETY OF WEED SCIENCE (U.S.) 2013 ANNUAL MEETING 11–15 March San Diego, CA, USA. Info: S. McDonald,Voice: 1-970-266-9573E-mail: [email protected]:

http://www.wsweedscience.org WESTERN AQUATIC PLANT MANAGEMENT SOCIETY MEETING 25–27 March Coeur d’Alene, ID, USA. Info: www.wapms.org *17th INTERNATIONAL REINHARDSBRUNN SYMPOSIUM ON MODERN FUNGICIDES AND ANTIFUNGAL COMPOUNDS 21–25 April Friedrichroda, GERMANY Info: http://tinyurl.com/6mntxsa Entinostat manufacturer *INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON ADJUVANTS TO AGROCHEMICALS 22–26 April Foz do Iguacu, BRAZIL Info:

P. Castelani,Voice: 55-11-4478-3418E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://tinyurl.com/7h2jcmj *AQUATIC WEED CONTROL SHORT COURSE 06–09 May Coral Springs, FL, USA. Info: L. Gettys,E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.conference.ifas.ufl.edu/aw/ *16th EUROPEAN WEED RESEARCH SOCIETY SYMPOSIUM 24–27 June Samsun, TURKEY Info: [email protected] Info: http://tinyurl.com/7vpwrv3 *NORTH AMERICAN INVASIVE PLANT ECOLOGY AND MANAGEMENT SHORT COURSE 25–27 June North Platte, NE, USA Info: S. YoungE-mail: [email protected] Web: http://ipscourse.unl.edu/ AMERICAN PHYTOPATHOLOGICAL Lepirudin SOCIETY ANNUAL MEETING 10–14 August Providence, RI, USA Info: APS, 3340 Pilot Knob Rd., St. Paul, MN 55121, USAFax: 1-651-454-0755 Voice: 1-651-454-3848 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.apsnet.org *150th ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF ONTARIO ANNUAL MEETING, jointly with the ENTOMOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 18–24 October Guelph, ONT, CANADA Info: N. McKenzie E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://www.entsocont.ca Full-size table Table options View in workspace Download as CSV “
“Polyak SJ, Morishima C, Scott JD, et al. A summary of the 18th international symposium on hepatitis C virus and related viruses. Gastroenterology 2012;142:e1–e5. In the above article, Pablo Gastaminza, PhD, Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología-CSIC, Madrid, Spain, should be listed as the 4th author in the article’s byline.

, 2007 and Coughlin Z VAD FMK et al., 2010). Predictions on drug combinations  . The highest sensitivity of SpAktPer was found for the total amount of ErbB3 and ErbB2, which confirms that expression level of these receptors plays a significant role in modulating the response of the ErbB network to anti-ErbB2 inhibitors. In ( Schoeberl et al., 2009) ErbB3 was identified

as a key node in controlling pAkt, which led directly to the design of a novel anti-ErbB3 inhibitor MM-121. According to our analysis, simultaneous inhibition of both ErbB3 and ErbB2 by a combination of drugs might result in a greater suppression of pAkt, as compared to mono-therapy with an ErbB2 inhibitor (not tested). Importantly, in the presence of the drug, SpAktPer retained relatively high sensitivity to the parameters of PI3K and PDK1, which indicates that the compounds, targeting these proteins, could be candidates for combination therapy with pertuzumab. We tested this

by measuring the effect of LY294002 and UCN-01 combined with pertuzumab in the PE04 and OVCAR4 cell lines. Both drug combinations were effective, showing additional Y-27632 cost inhibition of pAkt as compared to pertuzumab alone (Fig. 5). The majority of existing cancer-related modelling studies employ local sensitivity analysis methods (LSA) to assess the impact of single parametric perturbations on the model readouts of interest. Based on this, conclusions are drawn on the potential inhibitory or stimulatory effects of oncogenic mutations on the level of the network output signals (Birtwistle et al., 2007 and Chen et al., 2009) and predictions of potential targets for anti-cancer therapies are generated (Schoeberl et al., 2009). However, LSA has some serious limitations which should be taken into consideration when interpreting local sensitivity metrics in terms related to drug discovery. Firstly, in traditional LSA methods the parameters are varied only in a localised region around the nominal parameter values, and sensitivity

metrics are derived under the assumption that there is a linear relationship between input parameters and model outputs. At the same time drug effects presume significant suppression of the targeted protein activity, which can Farnesyltransferase result in non-linear system responses. Secondly, in LSA implementations only a single parameter is perturbed at a time, while the rest of parameters remain fixed at their values identified from the best fitting. In cancer cells the network parameters may be subjected to significant biological variation. These limitations, along with the poor identifiability of the parameters in the large-scale network models, raise questions about the possibility of extending LSA-derived conclusions to more general cases of highly variable networks and large parametric perturbations. In this context, GSA approach has important advantages.

We defined long term as the time point after 9 months that was closest to 12 months ( van Tulder et al 2003). Data were

extracted by the lead author (AML) and by a second reviewer working independently (KMR, CGM, JHMc). For trials with continuous outcomes the mean, standard deviation, and sample size of follow-up scores or change from baseline scores were extracted. If not reported, means and standard deviations were imputed from the reported measures of central Selleckchem Alectinib tendency and variance (Higgins and Green 2006). For trials with dichotomous outcomes the number of subjects experiencing the outcome of interest and the total sample size were extracted. Where continuous outcomes were reported in an individual study, the effects of the intervention were expressed as a mean difference with a 95% CI for each outcome. Where pooling of outcomes was deemed appropriate, a metaanalysis was conducted using a random effects model and the results were expressed as weighted mean differences. Pain and disability scores were converted to a 0–100

point scale prior PD-0332991 research buy to calculation of effect size to enable comparison of outcomes between interventions and trials. Where dichotomous outcomes were reported, the effects of the intervention were expressed as the relative risk of beneficial outcome with 95% CI. From 24 419 titles identified by the searches, 254 full-text publications were retrieved, of which 33 were included in the review. (Reasons for exclusion are presented in Figure 1.) Quality: Trial quality was generally high with 60%

of trials scoring at least 7 out of 10 on the PEDro scale ( Table 1). The quality criteria related to blinding were commonly not met, with 17 trials not blinding participants and 26 trials not blinding therapists. Some of the interventions investigated, such as neck manipulation and exercise, are difficult to deliver with adequate blinding of participants or therapists. The other quality criteria that were most commonly not met were intention-to-treat analysis (22 trials) and concealment of treatment allocation (15 trials). Participants: The majority of the eligible trials investigated participants with chronic neck pain (n = 19) or neck pain of mixed duration (n = 11). A single eligible trial Ponatinib supplier ( Pikula 1999) investigated acute neck pain. Two trials did not specify the duration of the episode of neck pain. (See Table 2.) Interventions: The types of interventions investigated by the included trials were medications, relaxation, acupuncture, exercise, manual therapy, multi-modal intervention, and electrotherapy. (Specific interventions are presented in Table 2.) No eligible trials investigated the role of surgery, injections, or radiofrequency neurotomy for non-specific neck pain. The control intervention was a sham physical intervention in 20 trials, minimal intervention in 8 trials, no intervention in 3 trials, and placebo medication in 2 trials.

Furthermore, lesion of these structures blocks the effects of IS (Amat et al., 2001 and Hammack et al., 2004). However, contrary to the expectation that ES would not then activate these structures and inputs to the DRN, or do so to a lessor degree than does IS, ES produced the same level of activation and input

(Amat et al., 2001). For example, in an extensive series of studies examining LC activation, McDevitt et al. (2009) found that both IS and ES intensely activate the LC as assessed by c-fos mRNA, Fos protein, and tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA, but to exactly the same degree. Before leaving the DRN and 5-HT, it should be noted that intense DRN activation is not restricted to IS as a stressor. For example, social defeat (which is arguably uncontrollable) does so as well MAPK Inhibitor Library supplier (Amat et al., 2010). However, all stressors do not do so, and it has been suggested that stressors have to be prolonged and intense (Takase et al., 2005). In addition, IS and other uncontrollable stressors certainly do more than activate

the DRN, and produce outcomes that are not mediated by the DRN. For example, IS conditions fear to cues that are present, and this is mediated by the standard amygdala circuitry (Maier et al., 1993). Finally, there has recently been a large amount of research devoted to a more general understanding of the role of the DRN in stress-related phenomena than the focus on controllability phenomena that is the subject of this review (Valentino et al., 2010). The research reviewed above indicates that uncontrollable Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Library cell line stressor exposure differentially activates DRN 5-HT neurons relative to controllable stressors, but that both types of stressors appear to provide equivalent excitatory input to the DRN. This juxtaposition of findings leaves only one obvious possibility, namely, that controllable stressors lead Carbohydrate to an input to the DRN that differentially inhibits 5-HT activity.

That is, both ES and IS induce inputs to the DRN that activate the DRN, but only ES produces an input that inhibits DRN 5-HT. Under this view control does not produce its protective effects passively by lacking something that uncontrollability produces as in the original view, but instead does so actively. If the detection/processing of control were to lead to the inhibition of DRN 5-HT neuronal activity, the cortex would be an obvious source. Interestingly, the DRN receives virtually all of its cortical input from the prelimbic (PL) region of the ventral medial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) (Peyron et al., 1998 and Vertes, 2004). Importantly, electrical stimulation in this region leads to the inhibition of DRN 5-HT neuronal firing (Hajos et al., 1998). This inhibition occurs because glutamatergic pyramidal output neurons from the PL to the DRN synapse preferentially within the DRN on GABAergic interneurons that in turn inhibit 5-HT cells (Jankowski and Sesack, 2004).