98 PP) but low in the ML analysis (35 % BS), and there is no significant support for the Cantharocybe—Ampulloclitocybe clade as basal to Cuphophyllus. Tucidinostat In a six-gene analysis by Binder et al. (2010), MLBS support for the Cantharocybe — Ampulloclitocybe clade is also below 50 %, as is the branch supporting Cuphophyllus (as Camarophyllus) and Cantharocybe, though there is 1.0 BPP support for the latter branch. Similarly, our ITS-LSU analysis and an analysis of the LSU region by Ovrebo et al. (2011) place Cantharocybe as sister to Cuphophyllus with less than 50 % MLBS support. Ovrebo et al.

(2011) show no significant support for Xeromphalina or Ampulloclitocybe as basal to the Cantharocybe– Cuphophyllus clade. Species included Type species: Cantharocybe gruberi. C. gruberi var. luteosaturatus (Malençon) Esteve-Rav., Reyes & Alvarado and C. brunneovelutina Lodge, Ovrebo & Aime are included based on morphological and phylogenetic data. Comments The regular to subregular lamellar context (Ovrebo et al. 2011, Fig. 7), forking and anastamosing lamellae, and presence of ornamented cheilocystidia set Cantharocybe apart from other genera in the cuphophylloid grade. As noted by Ovrebo et al. (2011), the type species of Cantharocybe has previously been placed variously in Clitocybe (Smith 1944), Laccaria (Singer 1951), and unplaced within the family Paxillaceae (Singer 1986), while Esteves-Raventós

et al. (2011) show that a European variety of the type species had this website been placed in Pleurotus. The placement of Cantharocybe Mephenoxalone relative to other genera remains unresolved and sampling of other gene regions and additional taxa, especially from the Australasian region, will be needed to resolve the branching order of clades with strong bootstrap support for these very deep branches. Excluded genera Several genera have been excluded from the Hygrophoraceae based on either morphological or molecular phylogenetic data. Camarophyllopsis Herink (1959; syn. Hygrotrama Singer 1959) had been included in Hygrophoraceae at various ranks, but was excluded from the family by phylogenetic analyses (Matheny et al.

2006). Kühner (1980) noted that Camarophyllopsis had a hymeniform pileipellis and that the basidia were relatively short for Hygrophoraceae, but other taxa see more confirmed by molecular phylogenies to belong in Hygrophoraceae also have short basidia (Lodge et al. 2006). The placement of Camarophyllopsis in Matheny et al. (2006) varies depending on whether Maximum Parsimony or Bayesian analysis methods are used. Matheny et al. (2006) show Camarophyllopsis in the Plicaturopsis clade at the base of the Agaricales, whereas the six-gene analysis by Binder et al. (2010) places it in the Clavariaceae, also at the base of the Agaricales. Singer described the monotypic genus Neohygrophorus to accommodate Hygrophorus angelesianus A.H. Sm. & Hesler (1963).

Int Arch Occup Environ Health 78(8):663–9PubMedCrossRef Belinostat clinical trial de Vocht F, Straif K, Szeszenia-Dabrowska N, et al, on behalf of the EXASRUB consortium (2005) A database of exposures in the rubber manufacturing industry; Design and quality

control. Ann Occ Hyg 49(8):691–701 de Vocht F, Burstyn I, Straif K, et al (2007a) Occupational exposure to NDMA and NMor in the European rubber industry. J Environ Monit 9:253–9PubMedCrossRef de Vocht F, Vermeulen R, Burstyn I, et al (2007b) Exposure to inhalable dust and its cyclohexane soluble fraction since 1970 in the rubber manufacturing industry in the European Union. Occup Environ Med, on-line publication Oct 10. doi:​10.​1136/​oem.​2007.​034470″
“Introduction The chlorinated hydrocarbons dieldrin and aldrin were widely used as pesticides in agriculture from the 1950s up to the early 1970s (WHO

1989). Later, their use became more and more restricted to specific applications, such as termite control. They were withdrawn from the market for almost all uses in the USA in 1974 and subsequently in other countries. In 1987, production ceased in the last remaining dieldrin and aldrin producing plant at the Royal Dutch/Shell refinery in Pernis, The Netherlands (de Jong 1991). Dieldrin and aldrin are readily absorbed following inhalation, ingestion or skin contact. In the occupational setting, the latter is thought to be the most important route of exposure. After uptake, find more aldrin Prostatic acid phosphatase is rapidly converted to dieldrin, mainly by the P-450 system in the liver. Dieldrin can be stored in adipose tissue Since 1962, results from animal studies (Davis and Fitzhugh 1962) have spurred concerns that dieldrin and aldrin may be human carcinogens as well. The EPA published a report on the assessment of the human cancer risk of dieldrin and aldrin in 1987 (EPA 1987). In this report, dieldrin and aldrin were classified

as probable human carcinogens. This classification was mainly based on evidence of hepatocarcinogenesis in mice. The International Agency for Research on Cancer classified the evidence for carcinogenicity in humans as inadequate and animal carcinogenicity as limited (IARC 1987). However, since the EPA assessment of human cancer risk, there is accumulating evidence which has called into question the value of mouse liver tumors as a reliable predictor of carcinogenic potential in humans. Dieldrin-induced oxidative stress or its sequelae apparently buy NVP-BEZ235 result in modulation of gene expression that favors expansion of initiated mouse, but not rat, liver cells; thus, dieldrin acts as a nongenotoxic promoter/accelerator of background liver tumorigenesis in the mouse (Stevenson et al. 1999). Recent animal studies provide a possible explanation for the specific mouse hepatocarcinogenity of aldrin/dieldrin (Stevenson et al. 1999, 1995; Kolaja et al. 1996). More recently, Kamendulis et al.

Acknowledgements We thank Dr. Chad C. Bjorklund for assistance with mouse experiments, Dr. Joya Chandra for help with the mitochondrial membrane permeability measurements,

Dr. Jagannadha K. Sastry for his peptide expertise and help with preparation of this manuscript, Mrs. Angelique Harkins and Mrs. Frances Dressman for proofreading the manuscript. This work was supported by grants from the American Cancer Society (118447-MRSG-10-052-01-LIB to ZB), the National Institutes of Health (CA1206173, CA153170, CA158692, and DK091490 to F.S.), and the Leukemia CFTRinh-172 & Lymphoma Society (R6132-06 and R6187-09 to F.S.). We also thank the Richard Spencer Lewis Foundation, patients and their families for their support and willingness to join us in our efforts in developing new therapies for lymphoma. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1 : Methods. www.selleckchem.com/products/idasanutlin-rg-7388.html (PDF 217 KB) References 1. Mahmood Z, Shukla Y: Death receptors: targets for cancer therapy. Exp Cell Res 2010, 316:887–899.PubMedCrossRef 2. Friesen C, Herr I, Krammer PH, Debatin KM: Involvement of the CD95 (APO-1/FAS) receptor/ligand system in drug-induced apoptosis in leukemia cells. Nat Med 1996,

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J, Peregrín-Alvarez JM, Poole C, Ren Q, Saunders L, Sluder AE, Smith K, Stanke M, Unnasch TR, Ware J, Wei AD, Weil G, Nutlin-3a in vitro Williams DJ, Zhang Y, Williams SA, Fraser-Liggett C, Slatko B, Blaxter ML, Scott AL: Draft genome of the filarial nematode parasite Brugia malayi. Science 2007,317(5845):1756–60.CrossRefPubMed 28. Foster J, Ganatra M, Kamal I, Ware J, Makarova STK38 K, Ivanova N, Bhattacharyya A, Kapatral V, Kumar S, Posfai J, Vincze T, Ingram J, Moran L, Lapidus A, Omelchenko M, Kyrpides N, Ghedin E, Wang S, Goltsman E, Joukov V, Ostrovskaya O, Tsukerman K, Mazur M, Comb D, Koonin E, Slatko B: The Wolbachia genome of Brugia malayi : endosymbiont evolution within a human pathogenic nematode. PLoS Biol 2005,3(4):e121.CrossRefPubMed 29. Chong CE, Lim BS, Nathan S, Mohamed R: In silico analysis of Burkholderia pseudomallei genome sequence for potential drug targets. In Silico Biol (Gedrukt) 2006,6(4):341–6. 30. Sakharkar KR, Sakharkar MK, Chow VTK: Biocomputational strategies for microbial drug target identification. Methods Mol Med 2008, 142:1–9.CrossRefPubMed 31. Korf I, Yandell M, Bedell J: BLAST OŔeilly 2003. 32. Drlica K, Zhao X: DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 1997,61(3):377–92.

0045.08. Myriam Claeys, Olivier Leroux and Wim Bert are gratefully acknowledged for electron microscopy assistance. We sincerely thank Heroen Verbruggen check details and Lennert Tyberghein for collecting the specimens. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Transmission electron micrograph of vegetative Bryopsis thallus in longisection. Figure A: the outer cytoplasmic layer (ol) adjacent to the Bryopsis cell wall (cw) contains most of the organelles excluding only the chloroplasts (chl), which are present in the inner layer next to the central vacuole (cv). Magnification: × 8000, Scale bar: 3 μm. Figure B (detail of Figure A): besides

mitochondria (m), endoplasmic reticulum and vacuolar evaginations (v), endogenous bacteria (ba) are present in the outer cytoplasmic layer. Magnification: × 25000, Scale bar: 1 μm. (PDF 827 KB) Additional file 2: The marker used as a normalization and identification tool in all DGGE

analyses. This marker covers the full range of endophytic (including chloroplast) sequences previously obtained from Bryopsis samples MX19, MX90, MX164, MX263 and MX344 [3]. For each marker band, the band name (M1m, M1b, M2-M10), taxonomic identification, clone reference and accession number are represented. (PDF 913 KB) References 1. Burr FA, West JA: Light and electron microscope observations on the vegetative and reproductive structures of Bryopsis hypnoides . this website Phycologia 1970,9(1):17–37.CrossRef 2. Burr FA, Evert RF: Cytochemical study of wound-healing protein in Bryopsis hypnoides . Cytobios 1972,6(24):199–215. 3. Hollants J, Leroux O, Leliaert DMXAA in vivo F, Decleyre H, De Clerck O, Willems A: Who is in there? Exploration PJ34 HCl of endophytic bacteria within the siphonous green seaweed Bryopsis (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta). PLoS ONE 2011,6(10):e26458.PubMedCrossRef 4. Lachnit T,

Meske D, Wahl M, Harder T, Schmitz R: Epibacterial community patterns on marine macroalgae are host-specific but temporally variable. Environ Microbiol 2011,13(3):655–665.PubMedCrossRef 5. Burke C, Thomas T, Lewis M, Steinberg P, Kjelleberg S: Composition, uniqueness and variability of the epiphytic bacterial community of the green alga Ulva australis . ISME J 2011,5(4):590–600.PubMedCrossRef 6. Meusnier I, Olsen JL, Stam WT, Destombe C, Valero M: Phylogenetic analyses of Caulerpa taxifolia (Chlorophyta) and of its associated bacterial microflora provide clues to the origin of the Mediterranean introduction. Mol Ecol 2001,10(4):931–946.PubMedCrossRef 7. Goecke F, Labes A, Wiese J, Imhoff JF: Chemical interactions between marine macroalgae and bacteria. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 2010, 409:267–299.CrossRef 8. Johnson CR, Muir DG, Reysenbach AL: Characteristic bacteria associated with surfaces of coralline algae – a hypothesis for bacterial induction of marine invertebrate larvae. Mar Ecol-Prog Ser 1991,74(2–3):281–294. 9. Mine I, Menzel D, Okuda K: Morphogenesis in giant-celled algae. In International Review of Cell and Molecular Biology. Volume 266.

The bulk modulus B(T, p) was adjusted as a function of pressure and temperature with the following polynomial: (3) Table 3 Density correlation coefficients and standard deviations ( σ ) for the base fluid (EG) and the nanofluids   Base fluid A-TiO2/EG (wt.%) R-TiO2/EG (wt.%) 1.00 1.75 2.50 3.25 5.00 1.00 1.75 2.50 3.25 5.00 103·a (°C−1) 0.62714 0.62327 0.61646 0.62116 0.63558 0.64060 0.61708 0.61084 0.62243 0.62955 0.62042 106·b (°C−2) 0.35343 0.30347 0.38267 #Proteasome inhibition assay randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# 0.25865 0.17013 0.14365

0.38319 0.43431 0.24473 0.23998 0.32687 104·σ (cm3 g−1) 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.9 1.4 2.8 1.6 1.4 1.8 1.3 1.1 B(p ref ,T ref) (MPa) 2,875.23 2,813.30 3,016.52 2,732.87 2,840.25 2,798.17 2,796.391 2,782.86 2,744.918 2,619.262 2,865.778 −c (MPa °C−1) 9.1949 8.8432 6.1026 7.7217 10.4348 8.8384 9.8265 9.8347 10.4074 8.6823 5.4028 102·d (MPa °C−2) 0.3779 0.4173 −0.2270 0.5231 2.44 1.61 1.61 1.23 2.45 0.89114 −1.48 e 5.123 5.727 −1.559 11.030 7.262 9.430 8.211 13.951 10.066 17.127 3.220 −103 ·f (MPa−1) 57.3 −12.3 −49 −103.1 −50.9 108.5 50.8 190.2 71.4 187.5 12.3 104·σ* (cm3 g−1) 0.7 0.8 1.4 0.9 0.9 1.4 0.9 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.2 The values of B(p ref,T ref), c, d, e, and f were determined by fitting

Equation 1 to all the experimental data at pressures different than p ref by a least squares JNK-IN-8 price method using a Marquardt-Levenberg-type algorithm. For the base fluid and all the studied nanofluids, the standard deviations obtained with this correlation are lower than or equal to 1.4 × 10−4 cm3 g−1, and the coefficients are given in Table 3. Although viscosity, heat capacity, and thermal conductivity are the main parameters involved in the calculation of the heat transfer rate of a nanofluid, the precise determination of density is also relevant because,

as commented Demeclocycline above, these properties may be quite different from those of the original pure fluid, and it can lead to erroneous mass balances. As we have pointed out, significant variations in density can be achieved when temperature, pressure, concentration, or the type of nanocrystalline structure are analyzed in detail. In order to check some conventional assumptions [3, 20], we have determined the ideal nanofluid density from the nanoparticle and base fluid densities according to [25]: (4) where ϕ is the volumetric fraction of nanoparticles and the subscripts np, 0, and nf refer to the nanoparticles, base liquid, and nanofluids, respectively. The densities of anatase and rutile titanium oxide are, respectively, 3.830 and 4.240 g cm−3[37]. With the aim to evaluate the goodness of this estimation, our experimental values were compared with those predicted using this equation.

BMC Genomics 2010, 11:368.PubMedCrossRef 52. Hofler C, Fischer W, Hofreuter D, Haas R: Cryptic plasmids in Helicobacter pylori https://www.selleckchem.com/products/BIBF1120.html : putative functions in conjugative transfer and microcin production. Int J Med Microbiol 2004, 294:141–148.PubMedCrossRef 53. Hosaka Y, Okamoto R, Irinoda K, Kaieda S, Koizumi W, Saigenji K, Inoue M: Characterization

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and comparative genome analysis of the gerbil-adapted Helicobacter pylori strain B8. BMC Genomics 2010, 11:335.PubMedCrossRef 58. Selleck TGFbeta inhibitor GIB-IS [http://​gib-is.​genes.​nig.​ac.​jp/​] 59. Nesic D, Miller MC, Quinkert ZT, Stein M, Chait BT, Stebbins CE: Helicobacter pylori CagA inhibits PAR1-MARK family kinases by mimicking host substrates. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2010, 17:130–132.PubMedCrossRef 60. Zhang J, Nielsen R, Yang Z: Evaluation of an improved branch-site likelihood method for detecting positive selection at the molecular level. Mol Biol Evol 2005, 22:2472–2479.PubMedCrossRef Aldehyde dehydrogenase 61. Gangwer KA, Mushrush DJ, Stauff DL, Spiller B, McClain MS, Cover TL, Lacy DB: Crystal structure of the Helicobacter pylori vacuolating toxin p55 domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2007, 104:16293–16298.PubMedCrossRef 62. Wang HJ, Wang WC: Expression and binding analysis of GST-VacA fusions reveals that the C-terminal approximately 100-residue segment of exotoxin is crucial for binding in HeLa cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2000, 278:449–454.PubMedCrossRef 63. Seif E, Hallberg BM: RNA-protein mutually induced fit: structure of Escherichia coli isopentenyl-tRNA transferase in complex with tRNA(Phe). J Biol Chem 2009, 284:6600–6604.PubMedCrossRef 64.

lactinea) Regularly pored becoming daedalean to lamellate never Artolenzites Glabrous-dull None Sordid yellow Contracted into a stem-like base – sometimes with a disc Pored, daedalean to lamellate often in a single specimen-irregular never T. ljubarskyi-T. cingulata Glabrous-dull to semi glossy Colorless, becoming black with KOH 5% for T. cingulata Deep brown (T. ljubarskyi)

to strongly black (T. cingulata) Never contracted into a stem-like base Regularly pored never L. warnieri Glabrous-dull none Context pale brown-abhymenial surface deep brown Never contracted RG-7388 chemical structure into a stem-like base Regularly lamellate never This classification is nevertheless incomplete, since some critical taxa from various tropical parts of the world were not accessible to us and might either add
ages to the system, or illustrate more continuities between some of the proposed divisions. In the same way two still unplaced lineages not included in previous analyses: ‘Lenzites’ warneri and the ‘Trametes’ ljubarskyi-T.

cingulata group, cannot reasonably justify new genera according to their uncertain position in our analyses, Adavosertib nor can they be included in Trametes s.s. because of outstanding morphological features, and will deserve further studies. There are here provisionally maintained in their traditional genera. Morphological characters in the four branches within the Trametes clade Structure of upper surface Aspect and structure of the abhymenial surface is a discriminating morphological feature

of major importance at the generic level in the core polyporoid clade, as already shown in Ganoderma (Steyaert 1980; Gottlieb et al. 1999; Moncalvo 2000; Welti and Courtecuisse 2010). In the Trametes group differences in pileus-structure (glabrous or tomentose) have already been described for each species studied here new and are considered by Læssøe and Ryvarden (2010) as an essential feature for species recognition; they nevertheless never been used for phylogenetic interpretation. Taking our phylogenetic results, fundamental differences in structure (Fig. 4) and consequently in macroscopic aspect of the basidiome surface, explain the evolutionary history of the groups. Differentiation of hairs (pileus tomentum) is a synapomorphy of our redefined genus Trametes (Fig. 4a–c), without any known exception, although some species are only minutely pubescent when young and become somewhat glabrous buy CP673451 whilst ageing (T. gibbosa, T. ochracea, T. suaveolens). Fig. 4 Pileus structures in Trametes and allied species. a: trichoderm with differentiated subpellis, with incrustations (Trametes versicolor); b: idem, without incrustations (T. villosa); c: trichoderm without differentiated subpellis (T.

The present study provided the first estimation of this RCC species distribution in the rumen. The abundance of the novel RCC species was Milciclib different RGFP966 molecular weight in the rumen epithelium, rumen liquid and solid fractions (Table 2). The relative abundance of the novel RCC species as indicated by its proportion within total archaea populations in their respective fraction was higher in liquid fraction as compared to epithelium and solid fraction. Previous study suggested that it was difficult to detach all of the microbes associated with the solid fraction

[27], thus the abundance of RCC and archaea in this fraction may be grossly underrepresented. Our previous study [6] showed that the composition of the methanogens were different in the rumen epithelium, solid and liquid fractions of Jinnan cattle, especially for the unidentified archaea. We compared these unidentified archaeal sequences with RCC sequences (GenBank: AY351437, AY351466, DQ985540) in this study and found that 6.3% of the total clones in the liquid fraction was clustered within RCC clade, and 17.0% in the solid, 19.9% in the epithelium. The clones (GenBank: EF055552, 99%; EF055553, 98%; EF055554, 98%; EF055555, 98%; EF055556, 97%) that were most similar to the novel

Vactosertib cost RCC species were from the rumen epithelium fraction. Moreover, Gu et al. [9] reported that 22.7% of the clones in the goat rumen fluid library belonged to the Thermoplasmatales family (as referred as RCC), and 63.2% in the rumen solid library; however, no clones were > 95% similar to the novel RCC

species. In this study, the relative density of the novel RCC species was numerically higher in the rumen liquid fraction (12.01 ± 6.35% to 56.47 ± 30.84%) than in the other two fractions (1.56 ± 0.49% to 29.10 ± 35.99% and 2.68 ± 2.08% to 5.71 ± 2.07%), which might be due to the specific characteristics of the novel RCC species. In the rumen, liquid, solid and epithelium fractions have different turnover rates. Janssen and Kirs [13] proposed that the methanogens associated with different rumen fractions could be expected to have different growth rates since they would be removed from the rumen at different rates. Thus, the novel RCC species might have a relatively for higher growth rate than other RCCs in the rumen liquid fraction. In the present study, the novel RCC species was co-isolated with anaerobic fungus. Most recently, a tri-culture with a RCC member, a Clostridium sp. and a Bacteroides sp. was enriched from bovine rumen (Personal communication by Dr. Chris McSweeney, CSIRO, Australia). Further attempts to obtain pure RCC species were made but unsuccessful. It seems that there is a close relationship between the novel RCC species and anaerobic fungus. Two isolates (Ca. M. alvus Mx1201 [15] and M. luminyensis[14]) related to RCC had been obtained from human feces. Most recently, another RCC related isolate M. gallocaecorum strain DOK-1 [16] from chicken gut was reported.

The nanoscale emulsions were created by the injection of MNC-laden organic solvent phase into an aqueous continuous phase containing carboxyl polysorbate 80 under ultrasonication and vigorous stirring.

The interface of emulsions with continuum was stabilized by carboxyl polysorbate 80 and MNC within nanoemulsions and was enveloped by carboxyl polysorbate 80 during a solvent evaporation [17]. As described in the experimental section, Apt was conjugated with carboxylated MNC to prepare Apt-MNC for molecular MR imaging of VEGFR2. The selleck morphology of Apt-MNC was observed by TEM. Uniformity and spherical shape of MNC from Apt-MNC were observed; the average diameter of MNC was 11.7 ± 1.0 nm and clustering of MNC was not observed (Figure  2b). The hydrodynamic BMN 673 in vivo diameter of Apt-MNC (34.0 ± 5.8 nm) was slightly increased https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lcz696.html compared with that of carboxylated MNC (31.5 ± 2.2 nm) due to Apt conjugation (Figure  2c). Carboxylated MNC possessed negative surface charge due to the negatively charged surface carboxylate in an aqueous phase. Apt-MNC showed a slightly changed surface charge of −17.0 ± 0.5 mV after Apt conjugation (Figure  2c). These data indicate that Apt was successfully conjugated with carboxylated MNC and Apt-MNC was well dispersed in an aqueous phase, with its monodispersity due to the presence of modified polysorbate 80 molecules. Additionally, negatively charged Apt-MNC surface repulsed nonspecific binding on negatively charged cell surface, increasing

the aptamer-mediated specific binding on VEGFR2 [21]. Thus, the characteristics of Apt-MNC were suitable for a potential MR imaging selleck compound probe to detect the biomarker.

The prepared Apt-MNC exhibited a superparamagnetic property without magnetic hysteresis at zero magnetic field, and the saturation magnetization value was 98.8 emu g−1 Fe at 1.5 T. These magnetic properties were highly acceptable as a sensitive MR imaging contrast agent (Figure  3a). The T2-weighted MR imaging of Apt-MNC solution at various Fe concentrations was obtained to evaluate the capability of imaging contrast effect. The increase of Fe concentration accelerates transverse relaxation to shorten the T2 relaxation time (T2), resulting in a decreased signal intensity with dark contrast. The T2 relaxation rate (R2 = 1/T2, s−1) was plotted versus Fe concentration (mM) to determine the relaxivity coefficient (r2) as 214.5 s−1 mM−1, which is higher than that of commercial MR imaging contrast agents (ferumoxide, 190.5 s−1 mM−1) (Figure  3b) [22]. Figure 3 Properties of Apt-MNC as a contrast agent. (a) Magnetic hysteresis loop of Apt-MNC. (b) T2-weighted images and relaxivity coefficient (r2) of Apt-MNC. To assess the biocompatibility of Apt-MNC, we investigated the in vitro cytotoxicity of carboxylated MNC and Apt-MNC in U87MG cells by monitoring the effects on cell viability and proliferation. Cell viabilities were examined after incubation with various concentrations of carboxylated MNC and Apt-MNC for 24 h.