0–15 0 μm Paraphyse tips covered with hyaline, strongly congophi

0–15.0 μm. Paraphyse tips covered with hyaline, strongly congophilous crystals that dissolve with KOH. Hypothecium hyaline to light green. Exciple green to brownish green in young apothecia, dark (greenish) brown in older ones, hyphae parallel, 3.0–4.0 μm wide, cell wall 0.5–1.5 μm, often with colorless crystals between and on top of hyphae of exciple, dissolving in KOH and MLZ; KOH + yellowish brown color leaks into medium and green pigments turn brown.

Faint, but persisting grayish red to purplish pink IKI + reaction in thick-walled hyphae of exciple. Reaction is often difficult to observe due to the strong pigmentation of hyphal walls. Stipe dark green in young apothecia GDC-973 to dark brown in older ones, hyphae more or less parallel, partly intertwined, 3.0–5.0 μm wide, cell wall 1.5–2.0 μm, KOH + dark brown color leaks into medium and green colors of stipe turn brown. All parts of exciple and stipe covered with dense net of arching and horizontal hyphae 3.0 μm wide, cell wall 0.5–1.0 μm. Epithecium greenish to yellowish brown, composed of elements from exciple and paraphyses. The thick-walled hyphae of exciple cover the asci, intertwine and form a tight net that is hard to break, with small holes measuring 3.0 μm × 4.0 μm. Paraphyses curve at the level of PS-341 mouse ascus tips to cover the asci, branch repeatedly and anastomose with neighboring

branches of the same and adjoining paraphyses just beneath the net of excipular hyphae, forming an inner layer of the epithecium. This complex contains innumerable colorless, strongly congophilous crystals. Crystals also appear between paraphyses and asci, usually as a 15–20 μm thick layer. The crystals dissolve and green colors of epithecium turn brown

in KOH. Faint, but persisting grayish red to purplish pink IKI + reaction in thick-walled hyphae of epithecium, usually difficult to observe due to the dark pigmentation of cell walls. Specimens studied China. Hunan Province. Resinicolous on basal trunk of Cunninghamia lanceolata. Dayong Co., Zhangjiajie National Forest Park. Dense mixed Cunninghamia-angiosperm forest along roadside in moist valley, 15.IX.1999. 29°19′N, 110°24′E, elev. 785 m, Rikkinen Baf-A1 manufacturer JR990047 (UPS), JR990048 (H). Moist evergreen forest with bamboo and conifer stands in valley below Zhangjiajie Hotel, 18.IX.1999, 29°19′N, 110° 25′E. Elevation 630 m, Rikkinen JR990312, JR990346 (SKLM). Yaozizhai, along lowest section of trail from valley bottom towards the peak, mature Cunninghamia lanceolata plantation along dry stream bed, 20.IX.1999, 29°18′N, 110°25′E, elev. 610 m, Rikkinen JR990484. Liu Yang Co., Daweishan National Forest Park. Xu-Quan Hu, low broadleaved secondary thickets with isolated Cunninghamia lanceolata in moist valley, 28.IX.2000, 28°25.30′N, 114°06.95′E, elev. ca. 1,300 m, Rikkinen JR000470 (H). Lower section of trail from Li-Mu-Qiao to Wu-Zi-Shi crossing, secondary mixed evergreen forest with bamboo stands on steep slope of moist river valley, 28.IX.

In addition, the ability of Lr1505 and Lr1506 to induce higher le

In addition, the ability of Lr1505 and Lr1506 to induce higher levels of MHCII and CD80/86 in poly(I:C)-challenged adherent cells was significantly blocked with anti-TLR2 antibodies (Figure 6B). Moreover, when studying the expression of IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-10 at post-translational levels in APCs stimulated with lactobacilli and then challenged with poly(I:C), MIF values remained at the same level of poly(I:C)-challenged control cells if the medium was added with anti-TLR2 antibodies (Figure 6B). In none click here of the experiments performed here, anti-TLR9 antibodies exerted

any kind of effect on the expression of cytokines or molecules related to the antigen presenting process (Figure 6B). Figure 6 Role of toll-like receptor (TLR)-2 and TLR9 in

the immunoregulatory effect of immunobiotic lactobacilli in porcine intestinal epithelial (PIE) cells and antigen presenting cells (APCs) from Peyer’s patches in response to poly(I:C). Monocultures of PIE cells or adherent cells from Peyer’s patches were stimulated with Lactobacillus rhamnosus CRL1505 (Lr1505) or L. rhamnosus CRL1506 (Lr1506) with or without the addition of TSA HDAC ic50 anti-TLR2 or anti-TLR9 blocking antibodies. PIE and APCs were then challenged with poly(I:C). The mRNA expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α in PIE and the mRNA expression of IFN-α, IFN-β, IL-1β, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-2, IL-12, IL-10 and TGF-β in adherent cells was studied after 12 hours of poly(I:C) challenge (A). Cytokine mRNA levels were calibrated by the swine β-actin level and normalized by common logarithmic transformation. In addition, expression of MHC-II and CD80/86 molecules as well as intracellular levels of IL-1β, IL-10, IFN-γ and IL-10 (B) were studied in the three populations of APCs within adherent

cells defined with CD172a and CD11R1 markers. Values represent means and error bars indicate the standard deviations. The results either are means of 3 measures repeated 4 times with independent experiments. The mean differences among different superscripts letters were significant at the 5% level. Discussion Rotavirus represents one of the prevailing causes of infectious gastroenteritis in humans worldwide [3, 4, 6]. An initial and essential step in the viral infection cycle of rotavirus is entering and replicating in IECs of the small intestine [25]. IECs have been well defined as sentinels, because they are the first cells which encounter microorganisms and are not only a physical barrier but they recognize different types of PAMPs via PRRs, which are selectively expressed on the cell surface, internal compartments or cytoplasm. Upon virus internalization, dsRNA molecules are generated in infected cells [25]. These molecules are typical of many viral infections including rotavirus. Viral dsRNA activate PRRs such as TLR3, RIG-I, and MDA-5, which signal host cellular responses in order to try to control viral infection [25–27].

1 and 20 mg/mL in PVC bags [11], known to be stable up to 48 h at

1 and 20 mg/mL in PVC bags [11], known to be stable up to 48 h at 37 °C, up to 96 h at 25 °C and up to 7 days between 2 and 8 °C in solution could be used. However, no stability data are available concerning this active substance in these devices. As changes in the concentration did not reveal any degradation products similar to those observed during stress testing, whereas precipitation was observed, we investigated the precipitation phenomenon. 3.3 Precipitation Phenomenon 3.3.1 Reliability INCB024360 price of the Precipitate Recovery Method Normalised etoposide data after quantification of the wash solution (L1 and L2) yielded the following results.

For solutions in NaCl 0.9 % (samples 1–3), the average etoposide concentration found in L1 was 7.3 % of the initial concentration and 3.3 % for L2. For solutions in D5W (samples 4–6), the average etoposide concentration found was 19.5 % of the initial concentration for L1 and 3.2 % for L2. Using this method, overall recovery was

102.1 and 97.9 % of initial content of etoposide in D5W and NaCl 0.9 %, respectively. Moreover, less than 4.0 % of the initial content BYL719 research buy of etoposide was found in the second wash elution, indicating a 96.0 % extraction yield for our method. Thus, the recovery method was considered reliable for our purpose. 3.3.2 Results of the Precipitation Phenomenon The quantitative results of the study are presented in Table 6, taking into account a confidence interval of ±5 % (i.e. [95, 105 %] of the nominal value) for the concentrations. For the sake of simplicity, by definition, the value of 100 % represented the concentration values observed at H0. The same retention time (6.97 min) found for each

assayed solution indicated that the substance forming the precipitate and that in the solution were the same compound (i.e. etoposide). This showed that the precipitate found in the devices was etoposide, as previous studies suggested. We observed a precipitate Branched chain aminotransferase at H24 for the six devices prepared. Table 6 Distribution of etoposide in solution and in its precipitate form (600 mg/L) Time Etoposide amount in % Time Etoposide amount in % NaCl 0.9 % H0 Solution H24 Precipitate H24 Sum of etoposide amounts H24 D5W H0 Solution H24 Precipitate H24 Sum of etoposide amounts H24 Sample 1 100 36.6 63.7 100.3 Sample 4 100 43.8 54.5 98.2 Sample 2 100 37.4 64.9 102.3 Sample 5 100 41.1 56.5 97.6 Sample 3 100 36.9 67.0 103.9 Sample 6 100 42.3 55.6 97.8 For solutions in NaCl 0.9 % after 24 h, the amount of etoposide (L1 + L2) in solution (SNaCl) represented an average of 37.0 % of the initial etoposide concentration, while the concentration from the precipitate (PNaCl) represented an average of 65.2 % of the initial etoposide concentration. For solutions in D5W after 24 h, the amount of etoposide (L1 + L2) in the solution (SD5) represented an average of 42.

Prognostic markers like natriuretic peptide (NP), B-type natriure

Prognostic markers like natriuretic peptide (NP), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), or pro-BNP are used to predict postoperative cardiac complications after cardiac or non-cardiac selleckchem surgery, while

procalcitonin is commonly used as prognostic marker and indicator of mortality and antibiotics usage in septic patients. In addition, lactate clearance was recently reported to be a useful indicator of resuscitation and prognosis in severe sepsis [2, 3]. Furthermore, some scoring systems, such as, the acute physiologic and chronic health evaluation (APACHE) II, the sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA), and multiple organ dysfunction score (MODS) systems, are also used to evaluate critically ill patient’s condition. However, no clinically adaptable markers, except lactate clearance and procalcitonin, are available for determining the outcomes of critically ill surgical patients with Selleckchem Vincristine severe sepsis. Inflammatory processes after infection are known to involve cells, inflammatory mediators, cytokines, pro-inflammatory substances, nitric oxide, arachidonic acid metabolites, and oxygen free radicals. These mediate and induce organ injury leading to organ failure [4–10]. Recently, many reports have been issued on the roles of oxygen free radicals and antioxidants, such as, glutamine, zinc, and selenium, which act as cofactors of glutathione

peroxidase [11, 12]. Oxygen free radicals (OFR) cause oxidative damage in cells, which lead to DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction culminates in cell death [13–15]. There is evidence that oxidative stress caused by reactive oxygen species(ROS) in sepsis is characterized by tissue ischemia reperfusion injury and intense systemic inflammatory response [16–19]. Furthermore, oxidative stress and OFR impair the microcirculation, which induce acute renal failure, and have been correlated

with sepsis severity and sepsis-induced morbidity. In sepsis, the protective role of antioxidants against oxidative stress has been known for more than 15 years [20–22]. Supplementation with antioxidants, such as, glutamine, zinc, and selenium may decrease oxidative stress and increase antioxidant Thalidomide activity, but apparently, do not affect mortality [23–28]. Early recognition of oxidative damage in sepsis by assessment of oxidative stress biomarkers is an actual topic for future research [29, 30]. Methods Aim The purpose of the study is to assess the usefulness of the concentration of the oxygen free radical and antioxidants to predict the severity and mortality of the critically ill surgical patients. Study population This prospective study will be performed over 2-year periods (May 2012 ~ April 2014) in single institution. About 50 patients having severe sepsis or septic shock requiring emergency operation due to the bowel perforation or strangulation will be included.

Additionally, nitrogen loss was also significantly less when five

Additionally, nitrogen loss was also significantly less when five versus one meal per day were consumed and protein was kept at a constant 13% [40]. Equally important, the lowest nitrogen loss occurred when five versus

one meal per day were consumed and protein content was 15% versus 10% [40]. The authors concluded that the protein content of total caloric intake is more important than the frequency of the meals in terms of preserving lean tissue and that higher protein meals are protein sparing even when consuming low energy intakes [40]. While this study was conducted in obese individuals, it may have Trametinib practical implications in athletic populations. Specifically, the findings support the idea that frequent feedings with a higher protein content (15% vs. 10%) may reduce nitrogen losses during periods of hypocaloric intake. In contrast to the Garrow et al. findings, Irwin et al. [63] compared the effects of different meal composition and frequency on nitrogen retention. In this study, healthy, young women consumed either three meals of equal size, three meals of unequal size (two small and one large), or six meals (calorie intake

was equal between groups). The investigators reported that there was no significant difference in nitrogen retention between any of the different meal frequency regimens [63]. Finkelstein and Fryer [39] also reported no significant difference in nitrogen retention, measured through urinary nitrogen excretion, in young women who consumed an isocaloric diet ingested over three or six meals. The study lasted 60 days, in which the participants GDC-0980 manufacturer first consumed 1,700 kcals for 30 days and then consumed Thiamine-diphosphate kinase 1,400 kcals for the remaining 30 days [39]. The protein and fat content during the first 30 days was 115 and 50 grams, respectively, and during the last 30 days 106 grams of protein and 40 grams of fat was ingested. The protein content was relatively high (i.e., ~27% – 30% of the total daily calories) and may have aided in the nitrogen retention that was observed. Similarly, in a 14-week intervention, Young et al., [42] reported that consuming 1,800 kcals

fed as one, three, or six meals a day did not have a significant impact on nitrogen retention in 11 moderately obese, college aged men. It is important to emphasize that the previous studies were based on the nitrogen balance technique. Nitrogen balance is a measure of whole body protein flux, and may not be an ideal measure of skeletal muscle protein metabolism. Thus, studies concerned with skeletal muscle should analyze direct measures of skeletal muscle protein synthesis and breakdown (i.e., net protein synthesis). Based on recent research, it appears that skeletal muscle protein synthesis on a per meal basis may be optimized at approximately 20 to 30 grams of high quality protein, or 10-15 grams of essential amino acids [71–73].

61 1 2 ± 0 1 Eurytoma californica Ashmead, 1887 Eurytomidae Hymen

61 1.2 ± 0.1 Eurytoma californica Ashmead, 1887 Eurytomidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Andricus

Maraviroc ic50 quercuscalifornicus 8.18 1.4 ± 0.1 Bassus nucicola Muesebeck, 1940 Braconidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Cydia latiferreana 6.08 1.6 ± 0.2 Ozognathus cornutus LeConte, 1859 Anobiidae Coleoptera Late inquiline Gall tissue 4.29 8.3 ± 3.0 sp. A Rhinotermitidae Isoptera Late inquiline Gall tissue 2.19 1.0 ± 0 Forficula auricularia Linnaeus 1758 Forficulidae Dermaptera Facultative Gall tissue 1.54 1.1 ± 0.1 sp. B Unknown Psocoptera Late inquiline Gall tissue 1.54 18.4 ± 5.6 sp. C Latriidae Coleoptera Fungivore Fungus on gall? 1.38 22.7 ± 10.4 sp. D Cleridae Coleoptera Predator Unknown 0.57 1.0 ± 0 sp. E Ichneumonidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Cydia latiferreana? 0.32 1.3 ± 0.3 sp. F Vespidae Hymenoptera Facultative predator Unknown 0.32 1.8 ± 0.6 sp. G Aphididae Hemiptera Facultative? Unknown 0.24 15.3 ± 16.5 Chrysus spp. Chrysididae Hymenoptera GSK-3 inhibitor Parasitoid Vespid wasp 0.16 1.0 ± 0 Eudecatoma ssp. Eurytomidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Andricus quercuscalifornicus 0.16 1.0 ± 0 sp. H Eupelmidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Andricus quercuscalifornicus? 0.16 1.0 ± 0 Cadra cautella Walker 1863 Pyralidae Lepidoptera Early inquiline Gall tissue 0.16 1.0 ± 0 Goniosus

spp. Bethylidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Cydia latiferreana? 0.08 6.0 Torymus tubicola (Osten-Sacken, 1870) Torymidae Hymenoptera Parasitoid Andricus quercuscalifornicus 0.08 1.0 sp. I Sphecid Hymenoptera Facultative predator Unknown 0.08 1.0 Mature oak apple galls (n = 1234) were collected into sealed cups in June-July 2007, and insects were reared out

of them until January 2009. Insect species are arranged by the frequency of their presence in galls. “Guild” denotes the relationship of each insect to the gall. Guild was determined experimentally for the 7 most abundant species and from taxonomic literature for the rare species. The mean (±standard error) of the number of each species emerging from galls in which that species was present is shown Fig. 1 Interactions between the most common insects found in oak apple galls (formed by A. quercuscalifornicus) in the Central Valley of California. Interactions arising from “Gall Induction” denote gall-inducers or inquilines (insects Forskolin concentration that feed on the gall material, not the gall-making insect). Panels are arranged by trophic level Differences in presence and abundance of insects based on gall size and locality Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA—an ordination technique that is robust to non-linearity in species associations across environmental gradients) showed that insect communities within galls varied across galls of different size (CCA, permutation test, P < 0.01), phenology (CCA, permutation test, P < 0.01), and location (CCA, permutation test, P < 0.01). MANCOVA similarly revealed that the community of insects emerging from oak apple galls was associated with gall size and collection locality with linear trends (Table 2).

Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: The 38 seque

Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: The 38 sequenced Acinetobacter strains used in this study. (PDF 130 KB) Additional file 2: Phylogenetic tree based on 819 core CDSs (without recombination filtering). (PDF 116 KB) Additional file 3: Phylogenetic tree based on 42 ribosomal genes (Jolley et al. ) [15]. (PDF 115 KB) Additional file 4: K-string analysis of the 38 Acinetobacter strains used in

this study. (PDF 80 KB) Additional file 5: Genomic fluidity analysis of the 38 Acinetobacter strains used in this study. (PDF 79 KB) Additional file 6: Pair-wise gene content comparison of the 38 Acinetobacter strains used in this study. learn more (PDF 66 KB) References 1. Linnaeus C: Systema naturæ, sive regna tria naturæ systematice proposita per classes, ordines, genera, & species. Leiden: Apud Theodorum Haak; 1735. 2. Darwin C: On the origin of species by means of natural selection,

or the preservation of favoured races in the struggle for life. London: John Murray, Albemarle Street; 1859. 3. Godreuil S, Cohan F, Shah H, Tibayrenc M: Which species concept for pathogenic bacteria?: An E-Debate. Infect Genet Evol 2005, 5:375–387.PubMedCrossRef 4. Konstantinidis KT, Ramette A, Tiedje JM: The bacterial species definition in the genomic era. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2006, 361:1929–1940.PubMedCrossRef 5. Van Belkum A, Tassios PT, Dijkshoorn L, Haeggman S, Cookson B, Fry NK, Fussing V, Green J, Feil E, Gerner-Smidt P, Brisse S, Struelens M, for the European Society of Clinical M, Infectious Diseases Study Group on Epidemiological M: Guidelines for the validation and application of typing methods for use in bacterial epidemiology. LY2157299 Clin Microbiol Infect 2007, 13:1–46.PubMedCrossRef 6. Sneath PHA, Sokal RR: Numerical taxonomy: The principles and practice of numerical classification. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman; 1973. 7. Lee KY, Wahl R, Barbu E: Contenu en bases purique et pyrimidiques des acides deoxyribonucleiques des bacteries. Ann Inst

Pasteur 1956, 91:212–224. 8. Wayne LG, Brenner DJ, Colwell RR, Grimont PAD, Kandler O, Krichevsky MI, Moore LH, Moore WEC, Murray RGE, Stackebrandt E, Starr MP, Truper HG: Report of the why ad hoc committee on reconciliation of approaches to bacterial systematics. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 1987, 37:463–464. 9. Gevers D, Cohan FM, Lawrence JG, Spratt BG, Coenye T, Feil EJ, Stackebrandt E, Van de Peer Y, Vandamme P, Thompson FL, Swings J: Opinion: Re-evaluating prokaryotic species. Nat Rev Microbiol 2005, 3:733–739.PubMedCrossRef 10. Goris J, Konstantinidis KT, Klappenbach JA, Coenye T, Vandamme P, Tiedje JM: DNA–DNA hybridization values and their relationship to whole-genome sequence similarities. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007, 57:81–91.PubMedCrossRef 11. Rosselló-Mora R, Amann R: The species concept for prokaryotes. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2001, 25:39–67.PubMedCrossRef 12. Rappé MS, Giovannoni SJ: The uncultured microbial majority. Annu Rev Microbiol 2003, 57:369–394.PubMedCrossRef 13.

Table 3 Experimental design of S titanus transmission trials No

Table 3 Experimental design of S. titanus transmission trials. No. of individuals (donors + receivers) Transmission type Acquisition time Destination 20 (10 + 10) Co-feeding with Asaia 24 hours q-PCR 38 (19 + 19)   48 hours   28 (14 + 14)   72 hours   20 (10 + 10)   96 hours   8 (4 + 4)   48 hours FISH Tot. co-feeders: 114 (57 + 57)       10 (5 + 5) Asaia ABT-199 chemical structure Venereal transfer (male to female) 24 hours q-PCR 10 (5 + 5)   48 hours   10 (5 + 5)   72 hours   14 (7 + 7)  

96 hours   10 (5 + 5)   48 hours FISH 10 (5 + 5) Asaia Venereal transfer (female to male) 24 hours q-PCR 14 (7 + 7)   48 hours   10 (5 + 5)   72 hours   12 (6 + 6)   96 hours   8 (4 + 4)   48 hours FISH Tot. mated: 108 (54 + 54)       6 (3 + 3) Co-housing control trial (males with males) 24 hours   6 (3 + 3)   48 hours   6 (3 + 3)   72 hours   6 (3 + 3)   96 hours   10 (5 + 5) Co-housing control trial (females with females) 24 hours

q-PCR 6 (3 + 3)   48 hours   6 (3 + 3)   72 hours   6 (3 + 3)   96 hours   Tot. co-housed: 52 (26 + 26)       20 (10 + 10) Negative control for Co-feeding 24 hours q-PCR 22 (11 + 11)   48 hours   28 (14 + 14)   72 hours   32 (16 RG7204 order + 16)   96 hours   10 (5 + 5)   48 hours FISH Tot. co-feeders: 112 (56 + 56)       16 (8 + 8) Negative control for venereal transfer (male to female) 24 hours q-PCR 10 (5 + 5)   48 hours   8 (4 + 4)   72 hours   14 (7 + 7)   96 hours   10 (5 + 5)   48 hours FISH 8 (4 + 4) Negative control for venereal transfer (female to male) 24 hours q-PCR 14 (7 + 7)   48 hours   12 (6 + 6)   72 hours   10 (5 + 5)   96 hours   10 (5 + 5)   48 hours FISH Tot. mated: 112 (56 + 56)       Number of insect specimens used for each trial. The duration of the acquisition period, as well as the type of analysis carried out, are indicated both for samples submitted 5-Fluoracil cost to experiments performed with Gfp-tagged Asaia and for negative controls. Venereal transmission trials When Gfp-tagged Asaia-infected

males were mated with uninfected females, transfer of Gfp-tagged symbiotic cells was observed, although a longer period was required to reach infection rates similar to those of the co-feeding trials. After a 24 hour incubation time subsequent to mating, only 20% of females (1 out of 5 individuals) were gfp gene-positive, with 40% (2 out of 5) positive after 48 hour, 60% (3 out of 5 individuals) at 72 hours, with 4 out of 7 individuals infected at 96 hours (Figure 1B). The average concentration of the marked symbiont in the body of S. titanus also increased with longer incubation periods, even though it remained significantly lower than that of donor individuals (df= 18; F= 11.663; P<0.05) (Figure 1E).

So, it is necessary to develop a more feasible CCS technology Th

So, it is necessary to develop a more feasible CCS technology. The application of porous materials in the capture and storage selleckchem of CO2 has a big potential and wide prospect. There are many kinds of porous materials that can be used as CO2 adsorbents, such as molecular sieves,

porous silica, metal organic frameworks (MOFs), and porous carbons [8–18] due to their attractive properties such as high specific surface area and highly developed pore structure. Among these porous materials, porous carbons are especially attractive because they are inexpensive, easy to regenerate, and not sensitive to moisture which may compete with CO2 when adsorption happens [19–21]. However, it is hard

for pristine porous carbon materials without any modification to reach high CO2 uptake values [22]. As a result, researchers modified learn more the surface of porous carbon with nitrogen-containing functional groups [23], which enhanced the CO2 adsorption capacity of these porous carbon materials. For example, Chandra et al. synthesized a kind of N-doped carbon by chemical activation of polypyrrole functionalized graphene sheets. This kind of carbon material showed a CO2 uptake of 4.3 mmol g−1 with high selectivity at 298 K under 1 atm [24]. Zhou et al. prepared a series of N-doped microporous carbons using zeolite NaY as a hard template and furfuryl alcohol/acetonitrile as carbon precursors. The CO2 adsorption capacity of as-prepared

N-doped carbons was much higher than that of the template carbons without N-doping [25]. Nandi et al. prepared a series of highly porous N-doped activated carbon monoliths by physical activation. The monoliths exhibit an Plasmin excellent CO2 uptake of up to 5.14 mmol g−1 at ambient temperature and 11.51 mmol g−1 at 273 K under atmospheric pressure [26]. Wu et al. synthesized a series of nitrogen-enriched ordered mesoporous carbons via soft-template method. The CO2 adsorption capacity of nitrogen-enriched carbon is higher than that of pristine material due to the presence of nitrogen-containing functionalities [27]. Sevilla et al. prepared a series of N-doped porous carbons using KOH as activation agent and polypyrrole as carbon precursor. The excellent CO2 uptakes of these carbons were ascribed to the abundant micropores with the pore size around 1 nm and the presence of basic N-containing groups [19]. Hao et al. synthesized a kind of nitrogen-containing carbon monolith through a self-assembled polymerization of resol and benzoxazine followed by carbonization. The high CO2 adsorption capacity was attributed to the N-containing groups of the resulting carbons [21].

Clin Genet 70:177–187PubMedCrossRef Borgo G, Fabiano T, Perobelli

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