Finally, we summarize the results in ‘Conclusions’ Section. Methods As depicted in Figure 1, the MD model of single asperity friction employed in the present work consists of a

substrate and a spherical probe. The substrate of single crystalline copper has a dimension of 30, 10, and 30 nm in X[2], Y [111], and Z[1–10] directions, respectively. Periodic boundary conditions are imposed in the transverse X and Z directions of the substrate. Figure 1 shows that the substrate is composed of two virtual types of atoms, as the green color stands for the fixed atoms and the red one represents the mobile atoms in which motions follow the Newton’s second law of motion. The atomic interactions within the substrate Pexidartinib ic50 are described by an embedded atom method developed for copper [21]. The frictionless spherical probe is modeled by a strong repulsive potential [22]. To study the influence of probe radius on the friction, four probe radiuses of 6, 8, 10, and 12 nm are considered. Figure 1 MD model of single asperity friction of single crystalline copper. The atoms Pembrolizumab price in the substrate are colored according to their virtual types, as red for mobile atoms and green for fixed atoms. The atoms in the as-created substrate first undergo global energy minimization at 0 K, and then the substrate

is relaxed to its equilibrium configuration at 30 K and 0 bar through dynamic NPT relaxation for 50 ps. After relaxation, the substrate is subjected to friction by placing the probe above the free surface of the substrate with a distance of 0.2 nm. The friction process is composed of two stages of first penetration and following scratching, as illustrated

in Figure 1. In the penetration stage, the probe moves along negative Y direction with constant velocity of 20 m/s to penetrate into the substrate until a pre-determined penetration depth is reached. In the following scratching stage, the probe scratches at 12.2 nm along negative X direction with constant velocity of 20 m/s. Both the penetration and scratching velocities of 20 Depsipeptide nmr m/s are a few orders of magnitude higher than the typical velocities utilized in nanoscratching experiments due to the intrinsic requirement of integration timesteps to be of the order of 1 fs. All the MD simulations are completed using the IMD code with a time step of 1 fs [23]. The detailed description about the friction procedure can also be found elsewhere [24]. To identify the defects generated within the substrate, a modified bond angle distribution (BAD) method is utilized [25]. In the present work, the perfect face-centered cubic (FCC) atoms are not shown for better viewing of the defect structures, and the coloring scheme for various defects is as follows: red stands for surface atoms, blue indicates hexagonal close-packed (HCP) atoms, and the remaining atoms are categorized into defects including dislocation cores and vacancies.

g., Sellers et al. 1997; Hubbard et al. 2001; Tardieu 2003; Buckley 2005). Even mild water deficits, when relative water content remains above 70%, primarily cause limitation to carbon dioxide uptake because of stomatal closure. With greater water deficits, direct inhibition BGB324 ic50 of photosynthesis occurs (Gupta and Berkowitz 1988; Smirnoff 1993). Phloem is responsible for the transport of photosynthates such as

sucrose from leaves to the rest of the plant. If unloading is inhibited photosynthesis will be decreased. Therefore, there is a strong interrelationship between photosynthesis activity/CO2 assimilation, plant water status, and xylem and phloem transport/hydraulic conductance (Daudet et al. 2002). Although these principles are now well known, the dynamics of the interrelationship and integration between these processes on plant level is still lacking. What we need is to be able to measure in intact plants phloem and xylem flow in relation to water content in the surrounding tissues (the storage pools), under normal

and under water limiting or even stress conditions see more (e.g., drought or as a function of phloem loading/unloading mechanisms due to e.g., anoxia), in relation to photosynthesis activity. MRI methods and dedicated hardware have been presented to measure xylem and phloem water transport in relation to water content in different storage tissues (bark, cambial zone, xylem, and parenchyma) non-invasively in the stem of intact plants

(Van As 2007; Van As and Windt 2008). In addition, portable NMR (non-spatially resolved) is becoming available for RVX-208 water content measurements in leaves (Capitani et al. 2009). These NMR and MRI methods can be combined with measurements of photosynthesis activity, e.g., monitoring by PAM techniques. In this review, we introduce these NMR and MRI methods and discuss them in relation to spatial and temporal resolution and (sub)cellular water content. Imaging principles and partial volume effects In a homogeneous main magnetic field B 0, equal spins (e.g., protons of the water molecules) have identical Larmor precession frequency, and a single resonance line in the frequency spectrum is observed at $$ \nu_0 = (\gamma/2\pi )B_0 $$ (1) γ is the gyromagnetic ratio that is a characteristic property for each type of spin bearing nuclei. For mobile (liquid) molecules the resonance line is Lorenzian shaped with a width at half maximum inversely proportional to the T 2, the spin–spin or transverse relaxation time.

It is to be expected that other still unknown factors are required for K. pneumoniae to colonize and reside in the GI tract. An increased knowledge of such factors is an important step in the search for new strategies to prevent colonisation and subsequent infection of susceptible patients with K. pneumoniae. One approach to identify novel pathogenic virulence mechanisms is to employ screening of genomic libraries. Such libraries are constructed by digesting genomic DNA, cloning it into vectors

and transforming them into cells that can be screened for a desired phenotype [16–19]. In a previous study, we constructed a library of K. pneumoniae DNA expressed in Escherichia coli and successfully AZD8055 nmr used it Romidepsin cell line to screen for K. pneumoniae genes involved in biofilm formation in vitro[18]. The objective of this study was to identify genes involved in K. pneumoniae intestinal colonisation by screening of the K. pneumoniae genomic library in a well-established

mouse model of GI colonisation. To our knowledge, this is the first use of a genomic library as a positive-selection-based in vivo screening model. We demonstrate successful in vivo selection of clones containing GI colonisation promoting K. pneumoniae genes, thus validating this novel screening approach. Results Clones containing colonisation promoting genes are selected in the mouse GI colonisation model We initially assessed the colonisation abilities of K. pneumoniae clinical isolate C3091 and E. coli laboratory strain EPI100 in the mouse model of GI colonisation. We found that while both strains persistently colonized the intestines of the infected mice, the bacterial counts in faeces were more than 100-fold

higher for C3091 than for EPI100 (Figure 1). Thus K. pneumoniae C3091 is a superior coloniser of the intestinal tract likely via possession of genes not present in the E. coli strain and which promote enhanced colonisation ability. Figure 1 Colonisation of the intestine by K. pneumoniae C3091 and E. coli EPI100. The two Methamphetamine strains were fed individually to sets of three mice. Colonisation was quantified from plating of faeces on selective media. Symbols for day 0 represent the size of inoculum. The results are presented as the mean log (CFU/g faeces) ± sum of means (SEM). To identify GI colonisation promoting genes, a library consisting of 1,152 fosmids, each containing approximately 40 kb random K. pneumoniae C3091 DNA, expressed in E. coli EPI100 was screened in the mouse GI colonisation model. The library was arrayed in 12 pools each containing 96 fosmid clones. The 12 pools were fed individually to a set of two mice, and following 17 days of colonisation, fosmids were purified from colonies picked from platings of faecal samples and characterised. The 17-day colonisation period was chosen to ensure enough time for detectable selection of clones containing colonisation promoting genes.

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Phalakornkul JK, Gast AP, Pecora R: Rotational and translational dynamics of rodlike polymers: a combined transient electric birefringence and dynamic light scattering study. Macromolecules 1999, 32:3122–3135.CrossRef 86. Farrell D, Dennis CL, Lim JK, Majetich SA: Optical and electron microscopy studies of Schiller layer formation and structure. J Colloid Interface Sci 2009, 331:394–400.CrossRef

87. Fang XL, Li Y, Chen C, Kuang Q, Gao XZ, Xie ZX, Xie SY, Huang RB, Zheng LS: pH-induced this website simultaneous synthesis and self-assembly of 3D layered β-FeOOH nanorods. Langmuir 2010, 26:2745–2750.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions JKL synthesized the MNPs, carried out TEM analysis, and drafted the manuscript. SPY carried out DLS measurement and data analysis. HXC carried out DLS measurement

and data analysis. SCL participated in the design of the study and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Resistive random access memory (RRAM) with a simple metal-insulator-metal structure shows promising characteristics in terms of scalability, low power operation, and multilevel data storage capability and is suitable for next-generation memory applications [1–4]. RRAM devices with simple structure and easy fabrication process that are compatible with high-density 3D integration [5] will be needed in the future. selleck inhibitor Various oxide switching materials such as HfOx[6–9], TaOx[3, 10–15], AlOx[16–19], GdOx[20], TiOx[21–23], NiOx[24, 25], ZrOx[26–29], ZnO [30–32], SiOx[33], and GeOx[34–36] have been used in nanoscale RRAM applications. However, their nonuniform switching and poorly understood switching mechanisms are currently the bottlenecks for the design of nanoscale resistive switching memory. Generally, inert metal electrodes [4] and various interfacial methods are used to improve resistive switching memory characteristics. We previously reported polarity-dependent improved memory characteristics using

IrOx nanodots (NDs) in an IrOx/AlOx/IrOx-NDs/AlOx/W structure [16]. However, improved memory performance using different high-κ oxide switching materials such as AlOx, GdOx, HfOx, and TaOx in IrOx/high-κx/W structures has not been reported yet. Using different high-κ oxides in the same structure may reveal a unique way to design novel RRAM crotamiton devices for practical applications. Electrical formation of an interfacial layer at the IrOx/high-κx interface is important to improve resistive switching memory characteristics. Using this approach, high-density memory could be achieved using an IrOx/AlOx/W cross-point structure, which we also report here. In this study, we show that the electrically formed oxygen-rich interfacial layer at the IrOx/high-κx interface in an IrOx/high-κx/W structure plays an important role in improving the resistive switching memory characteristics of the structure.

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“Background In recent years, the concept of advanced heterogeneous integration on silicon (Si) platform has attracted much attention towards the realization of a ‘More than Moore’ technology [1]. To realize such technology, the growth of high-quality elements (i.e., germanium (Ge) [2]) compound semiconductors (i.e.

In this light, we urge the CITES Management Authorities from Thailand LEE011 and Kazakhstan to scrutinize the trade involving captive-bred specimens of Dendrobatidae. We furthermore recommend the CITES

Management Authorities of the range States (Colombia, Peru, Suriname, Brazil amongst others) to follow up on this issue with the Management Authorities in Thailand and Kazakhstan. While the described trade in CITES II-listed poison arrow frogs in Asia may be exceptional, discrepancies in reported levels of international wildlife trade are not (e.g. Blundell and Mascia 2005) and we urge conservationists and others interested in regulating wildlife trade to explore other similar cases, retrospectively or in real time, and report discrepancies to the relevant authorities. Acknowledgments We thank Steve Gorzula and Matthew Todd for information on the poison arrow trade, and Claire

Beastall for preparing the map. We thank Watana Vetayaprasit, Director of the CITES Management Authority of Thailand for providing information on the import of CITES-listed amphibians into Thailand. Victor J.T. Loehr, Maylynn Engler and two anonymous reviewers are thanked for constructive comments. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. References Bartlett selleck chemical RD (2003) Poison dart frogs: facts and advice on care and breeding. Barron’s Educational Series, Hauppauge Blundell AG, Mascia MB (2005) Discrepancies in reported levels of international wildlife trade. Conserv Biol 19:2020–2025CrossRef

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“Background Recently, flexible electronics has attracted increasing attention, including batteries, displays [1], conformal antenna arrays [2], radio-frequency identification tags [3], electronic circuits fabricated in clothing [4], and biomedical devices [5], with new characteristics like large area, nonplanar forms, low manufacturing cost, disposable and wearable style, environmentally sustainable production methods, recycling, lightweight, lower energy consumption, and the integration of electronics as a part of other structures [6–10].

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