These data are the first to demonstrate that guanosine protects neurons from the effects of CGOD even when administered 5 h after the stimulus, and is neuroprotective in experimental stroke in rats. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“McArdle disease is caused by inherited deficit of human muscle glycogen phosphorylase with subsequent blockade in muscle glycogenolysis. Patients usually experience severe exercise intolerance and ‘chronic’

skeletal muscle damage. We determined circulating levels of selleck 27 cytokines in a group of 31 adult McArdle patients (15 male 16 female; mean (+/- S.E.M.) age: 39 3 years) and 29 healthy sedentary controls (14 male, 15 female) before and after an acute exercise bout involving no muscle damage (cycling). Patients had an ongoing state of muscle breakdown even when following a sedentary lifestyle (serum creatine kinase activity at baseline of 2590 +/- 461 U l(-1) vs. 97 +/- 5 U l(-1) in controls). Under resting conditions, neutrophil count (+20%) and circulating levels of several cytokines were significantly higher (P <= 0.05) in patients than in controls: tumor necrosis factor (TNF-alpha), interleukin (IL)-lra, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-17. The myokine IL-6 significantly increased with

exercise (P < 0.05) in both groups. Our results suggest that McArdle disease is associated with low-level systemic inflammation whereas appropriate exercise induces a similar response in McArdle patients and healthy controls, with a significant increase in the Selleckchem AMG510 anti-inflammatory myokine IL-6. Our results support the rationale for

prescribing carefully supervised exercise training in these patients. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Changes in the platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) in the spared dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and associated spinal dorsal horns were evaluated in cats subjected to unilateral removal of L-1-L-5 and L-7-S-2 DRG, sparing the L-6 DRG. The number of PDGF immunopositive neurons and protein expression decreased significantly in the spared DRG and associated dorsal horns of the L-3 and L-6 cord segments at 3 days post-operation (dpo). It bottomed to the lowest level at 7 dpo in the DRG, then GSK690693 ic50 returned to the control level at 14 dpo; while in the L-6 dorsal horn, it rapidly increased at 7 dpo and exceeded the control level at 14 dpo. This showed a significant upregulation in the spared DRG and associated spinal dorsal horns, especially in the L6 cord segment following a transient decrease. Meanwhile, a significant upregulation of PDGF mRNA was also seen in L-6 DRG and L-3 and L-6 dorsal horns at 3 dpo. The upregulation of the endogenous PDGF in the said structures indicated a potential role of this factor in spinal cord plasticity after partial dorsal root ganglia removal in cats. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.

OBJECTIVE: To provide a clear-cut definition, report the incidence of these aneurysms, present a series https://www.selleckchem.com/products/elacridar-gf120918.html with follow-up data, and discuss operative nuances and clip application techniques.

METHODS: Review of

a single-surgeon operative series of all ACoAAs to identify fusiform types. When A1 or A2 vessels entered or arose from the ACoAA, it was classified as fusiform. Follow-up imaging and clinical progress were noted.

RESULTS: Five fusiform ACoAAs were identified. Patient age ranged from 19 to 68 years. Anatomy varied from very obvious large fusiform, to identifiable fusiform nature with a saccular component, to an irregularly shaped aneurysm with a fusiform element of the ACoA. A large fusiform aneurysm reconstructed in 1 patient recurred 11 years later as a ruptured fusiform click here ACoAA that was reconstructed again. One patient had a giant thrombosed aneurysm with thrombosed

vessels in which A2 reconstruction was attempted with sacrifice of the ACoA. In others, simple clipping achieved obliteration of the aneurysm together with creating a normal dimension ACoA. There were no operative deaths; other than rupture intraoperatively, no other complications occurred. Post-operatively, no patient had new neurological deficits, 3 had short-term memory loss, and all were ambulatory with good speech function.

CONCLUSION: Review of angiograms and 3-dimensional computed tomography angiography reconstruction images can identify the complex and fusiform entity of ACoAA, which is important for preoperative planning. Experience in operative techniques and thorough knowledge of the ACoA anatomy are cornerstones to obliterate the aneurysm, maintain flow in all

vessels, and surgically create an ACoA of normal caliber.”
“BACKGROUND: In patients with supraclavicular injuries of the brachial plexus, the suprascapular nerve (SSN) is frequently reconstructed with a sural nerve graft coapted to C5. As the C5 cross-sectional diameter LY3023414 exceeds the graft diameter, inadequate positioning of the graft is possible.

OBJECTIVE: To identify a specific area within the C5 proximal stump that contains the SSN axons and to determine how this area could be localized by the nerve surgeon, we conducted a microanatomic study of the intraplexal topography of the SSN.

METHODS: The right-sided C5 and C6 roots, the upper trunk with its divisions, and the SSN of 20 adult nonfixed cadavers were removed and fixed. The position and area occupied by the SSN fibers inside C5 were assessed and registered under magnification.

RESULTS: The SSN was monofascicular in all specimens and derived its fibers mainly from C5. Small contributions from C6 were found in 12 specimens (60%). The mean transverse area of C5 occupied by SSN fibers was 28.23%. In 16 specimens (80%), the SSN fibers were localized in the ventral (mainly the rostroventral) quadrants of C5, a cross-sectional area between 9 o’clock and 3 o’clock from the surgeon’s intraoperative perspective.

However, there are few investigations that address neurotoxic effect of DOP in animal nervous system. In this study, whole-cell patch clamp and calcium imaging techniques were employed to investigate effects of DOP on electrophysiological properties and calcium regulation of rat dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons. DOP see more inhibited both TTX-S (tetrodotoxin-sensitive) and TTX-R (tetrodotoxin-resistant) sodium currents in voltage clamp recording and caused a decrease in the number of action potentials (APs) in current clamp experiment. Suppressive and unfavorable effects

of DOP on the kinetics of sodium currents in terms of excitability of DRG neurons may greatly contribute to its antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Moreover, DOP evoked increase of intracellular

Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) in DRG neurons, and this effect may lead to neuronal cytotoxicity. (C) 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Background In 2005, with the goal of reducing the numbers of maternal and neonatal deaths, the Government of India launched Janani Suraksha Yojana (JSY), a conditional cash transfer scheme, to incentivise women to give birth in a health facility We this website independently assessed the effect of JSY on intervention coverage and health outcomes

Methods We used data from the nationwide district-level household surveys done in 2002-04 and 2007-09 to assess receipt of financial assistance from JSY as a function of socioeconomic and demographic characteristics; and used three analytical approaches (matching, with-versus-without comparison, and differences in differences) to assess the effect of JSY on antenatal care, in-facility births, and perinatal, neonatal, and maternal deaths

Findings Implementation of JSY in 2007-08 was highly variable by state from less than 5% to 44% of women giving birth receiving cash payments

from JSY. The poorest and least educated women did not always have the highest odds of receiving JSY payments. JSY had a significant effect on increasing antenatal care and in-facility buy SHP099 births. In the matching analysis, JSY payment was associated with a reduction of 3.7 (95% CI 2.2-5.2) perinatal deaths per 1000 pregnancies and 2.3 (0 9-3.7) neonatal deaths per 1000 livebirths In the with-versus-without comparison, the reductions were 4.1 (2.5-5.7) perinatal deaths per 1000 pregnancies and 2.4 (0 7-4 1) neonatal deaths per 1000 livebirths.

Interpretation The findings of this assessment are encouraging, but they also emphasise the need for improved targeting of the poorest women and attention to quality of obstetric care in health facilities. Continued independent monitoring and evaluations are important to measure the effect of JSY as financial and political commitment to the programme intensifies.”
“Evidence has implicated apoptosis as a mechanism underlying cell demise in diverse neurodegenerative diseases including Parkinson’s disease (PD).

5, 2 and 3 g/kg) or water was administered

at 11.30 h. These regimens produced moderate blood alcohol concentrations of 77, 89 and 117 mg/dl, respectively, over the time course of the experiment. Rats were sacrificed 6 h after the IGF-1 injection and tissues this website containing the anteroventral periventricular (AVPV) and arcuate (ARC) nuclei were collected. IGF-1 stimulated (P<0.01) KiSS-1 gene expression in the AVPV nucleus at 6 h, but did not affect expression of the kisspeptin receptor, GPR54. While ALC did not alter basal expression of either gene, its dose dependently blocked IGF-1-induced KiSS-1 gene expression in the AVPV nucleus. No changes were observed in the ARC nucleus. Assessment of IGF-1 signaling indicated that the acute administration of IGF-1, ALC, or both did not alter the basal expression of IGF-1 receptor protein. However, IGF-1 stimulated (P<0.05) phosphorylated Akt protein over basal levels, an action blocked by ALC. Our results indicate that the IGF-1 induction of KiSS-1 gene expression is mediated by Akt activation, and that ALC alters this important prepubertal action of IGF-1. (C) 2010 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Clinically

relevant concentrations of isoflurane or sevoflurane sensitize transient receptor potential vanilloid type I to several of its activators, including capsaicin. It has, moreover, been suggested these volatile general anaesthetics may augment nociceptive signalling arising from surgical procedures and thereby contribute to post-operative pain. To investigate AZD9291 cost this suggestion, we have studied intraplantar capsaicin injection-induced phosphorylation of extracellular

signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in spinal dorsal horn neurons (which is a recognized marker of spinal nociceptive processing) in rat during isoflurane or sevoflurane anaesthesia after 60 min under anaesthesia. Control animals were anaesthetized with pentobarbital RAD001 (which of itself does not activate extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 in spinal dorsal horn neurons). Unilateral intraplantar capsaicin injection in control animals evoked extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation in a group of neurons in lamina I and lamina 11 of the ipsilateral spinal dorsal horn in a somatotopically appropriate area. In contrast, both anaesthetic gases (given for 60 min and without subsequent capsaicin injection) induced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 activation in a different group of mainly lamina I neurons bilaterally. The total number of spinal dorsal horn neurons labelled on the ipliateral side following capsaicin injection into the isoflurane-, or sevoflurane-, anaesthetized animals was significantly less than that produced by capsaicin alone. Further, capsaicin injection into isoflurane-, or sevoflurane-, anaesthetized animals reduced extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 phosphorylation induced by the gases alone on both sides.

Smokers attempting to stop (n = 928) were randomised to receive glucose or sorbitol (placebo) in a double-blind placebo-controlled trial. All participants received group-based psychological support,

and approximately half (n = 474) received nicotine replacement therapy (NRT), buproprion, or both. Smokers were seen weekly for 5 weeks and used tablets ad libitum, with a recommended minimum of 12 per day. Participants were recruited through general practitioner referral, word of mouth, and advertising. The participants were 38% male, smoked an average of 23.5 cigarettes per day, and had a mean age of 44 years. There were no significant pretreatment differences between groups. The primary outcome measure was continuous, CO-verified abstinence from the target quit date for 6 months.

No significant effect of FAK inhibitor glucose

tablets on abstinence was found (14.6% vs 13.4% abstinence in the glucose and placebo groups, respectively). However, there was a significant interaction with a AZD1080 glucose effect observed in smokers also receiving other medication (18.2% vs 12.6%, p < 0.05) but not otherwise (10.7% vs 14.3% ; p < 0.05 for the interaction).

No significant effect of glucose tablets over and above sweet tasting tablets could be detected overall, but the possibility of an effect as an adjunct to NRT or bupropion merits further investigation.”
“The present study was conducted to correlate rotenone-induced neurotoxicity with cellular and molecular modifications in neuronal and neuronal supportive cells in rat brain regions. Rotenone

was administered (3, 6 and 12 mu g/mu l) intranigrally in adult male Sprague-Dawley rats. After the 7th day of rotenone treatment, specific protein markers for neuronal cells – tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), astroglial cells – glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), microglial cells selleck screening library – CD11b/c, and Iba-1 were evaluated by immunoblotting and immunofluorescence in the striatum (STR) and mid brain (MB). Apoptotic cell death was assessed by caspase-3 gene expression. Higher doses of rotenone significantly lowered TH protein levels and elevated Iba-1 levels in MB. All the doses of rotenone significantly increased GFAP and CD11b/c protein in the MB. In STR, rotenone elevated GFAP levels but did not affect TH, CD11b/c and Iba-1 protein levels. Caspase-3 expression was increased significantly by all the doses of rotenone in MB but in STR only by higher doses (6 and 12 mu g). It may be suggested that astroglial activation and apoptosis play an important role in rotenone-induced neurotoxicity. MB appeared as more sensitive than SIR toward rotenone-induced cell toxicity. The astroglial cells emerged as more susceptible than neuronal and microglial cells to rotenone in STR. (C) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Conclusion CT was superior to XperCT regarding brain soft tissue imaging. However, XperCT could in some cases discriminate between grey and white substance. XperCT is a useful new functionality in interventional neuroradiology. In the clinical setting, it improves patient safety by allowing almost instant access to CT-like brain imaging in the angiography room. It can be life saving in situations where complications during an interventional procedure prompt for immediate action.”
“Introduction The aim

of this retrospective study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of patients with spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs) that were treated THZ1 in vivo with surgery, catheter embolization, or surgery after incomplete selleckchem embolization.

Methods The study included 21 consecutive patients with SDAVFs of the thoracic, lumbar, or sacral spine who were treated in our institution from 1994 to 2007. Thirteen patients were treated

with catheter embolization alone. Four patients underwent hemilaminectomy and intradural interruption of the fistula. Four patients were treated by endovascular techniques followed by surgery. The clinical outcome was assessed using the modified Aminoff-Logue scale (ALS) for myelopathy and the modified Rankin scale (MRS) for general quality of life. Patient age ranged from 44 to 77 years (mean 64.7 years).

Results Surgical as well as endovascular treatment resulted in a significant improvement in ALS (-62.5% and -31.4%, respectively, p < 0.05) and a tendency toward Carnitine dehydrogenase improved MRS (-50% and -32%, respectively) scores. Patients that underwent surgery after endovascular treatment due to incomplete occlusion of the fistula showed only a tendency for improvement in the ALS score (-16.7%), whereas the MRS score was not affected.

Conclusion

We conclude that both endovascular and surgical treatment of SDAVFs resulted in a good and lasting clinical outcome in the majority of cases. In specific situations, when a secondary neurosurgical approach was required after endovascular treatment to achieve complete occlusion of the SDAVF, the clinical outcome was rather poor. The best first line treatment modality for each individual patient should be determined by an interdisciplinary team.”
“Introduction Prenatal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is currently used to measure quantitative data concerning brain structural development. At present, morphometric MR imaging studies have been focused mostly on the third trimester of gestational age. However, in many countries, because of legal restriction on abortion timing, the majority of MR imaging fetal examination has to be carried out during the last part of the second trimester of pregnancy (i.e., before the 24th week of gestation). Accurate and reliable normative data of the brain between 20 and 24 weeks of gestation is not available.

Diagnosis was established by stereotactic (n = 4) and open surgical (n = 6) biopsy. Treatments most frequently administered included reduction of immunosuppression (n

= 10), dexamethasone (n = 10), rituximab (n = 8), high-dose methotrexate (n = 3), and whole-brain radiotherapy (n = 6). Six patients remain alive without PCNS-PTLD relapse, including 4 patients who have sustained remissions beyond 2 years from diagnosis of PCNS-PTLD. Of 4 observed deaths, 1 was related to progressive PCNS-PTLD.

CONCLUSION: PCNS-PTLD must be considered in the differential diagnosis of any patient with prior SOT presenting with an intracranial lesion. Histological diagnosis with brain biopsy is imperative, given the risk for opportunistic infections that may have similar imaging findings and presentation. Prognosis is variable, Napabucasin purchase although long-term survival has been reported.”
“Background. Large community-based epidemiological

surveys have consistently identified high co-morbidity between major depressive episode (MDE) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). Some have suggested that this co-morbidity may be artificial and the product of the current diagnostic system. Because of the added direct and indirect costs associated with co-morbidity, it is important to investigate whether methods of diagnostic classification are artificially increasing find more the level of observed co-morbidity.

Method. The item response theory (IRT) log-likelihood ratio procedure was used to test for differential item functioning (DIF) of MDE symptoms between respondents with and without a diagnosis of GAD in the 2001-2002 National Epidemiological VE-821 mouse Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC).

Results. The presence of GAD significantly increased the chances of reporting any symptom of MDE, with odds ratios ranging from 2.54 to 5.36. However, there was no indication of significant DIF of MDE

symptoms in respondents with and without GAD.

Conclusions. The lack of any significant DIF indicates that cases with GAD do not present with a distinct MDE symptom profile, one that is consistent with the endorsement of symptoms that are conceptually similar in nature between the two disorders, compared to cases without GAD. This does not support the hypothesis that co-morbidity between MDE and GAD is artificially inflated because of the similar symptom criteria required by the current diagnostic system. Instead, MDE and GAD may be thought of as two distinct diagnostic entities that frequently co-occur because of a shared underlying trait.”
“The early steps of human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection were investigated in UT7/Epo cells. B19V and its receptor globoside (Gb4Cer) associate with lipid rafts, predominantly of the noncaveolar type. Pharmacological disruption of the lipid rafts inhibited infection when the drug was added prior to virus attachment but not after virus uptake.

55 +/- 0.11 g vs. injected 0.66 +/- 0.08 g) lasts 3-4 h. In a similarly anesthetized mouse without the needle stick, a 1-h allodynia was noted. In studies on spinal Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling, we observed that following intrathecal puncture and mechanical stimulation of the nerve roots mice deficient in TLR

down-stream signaling (Myd88(-/-)/Trif(lps2)), displayed only the transient (1-h) allodynia otherwise observed following isoflurane alone. These data suggest that the extended period of hyperalgesia observed with needle penetration of the dura and mechanical stimulation of the nerve roots requires signaling through the MyD88/TRIF pathways and supports the intrinsic role of Toll-like receptors in the allodynia secondary to the minor nerve activation occurring during the intradural puncture. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Extending the work PD0332991 of Friedman et al. (2006), we study the stationary density of XAV-939 ic50 the distribution of molecular constituents in the presence of noise arising from either bursting transcription or translation, or noise in degradation rates. We examine both the global stability of the stationary density as well as its bifurcation structure. We have compared

our results with an analysis of the same model systems (either inducible or repressible operons) in the absence of any stochastic effects, and shown the correspondence between behaviour in the deterministic system and the stochastic analogs. We have identified key dimensionless parameters that control the appearance of one or two stable steady states in the deterministic case, or unimodal and bimodal densities in the stochastic systems, and detailed the analytic requirements for the occurrence of different behaviours. This approach provides, in some situations, an alternative to computationally intensive stochastic simulations. Our results indicate that, within the context of the simple models we have examined, bursting and degradation noise cannot be distinguished analytically when present alone. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.”
“Clinical

studies indicate an increased incidence of impaired glucose tolerance in individuals with Parkinson’s disease (PD). The mechanisms that underlie this co-morbidity www.selleck.cn/products/Cyclosporin-A(Cyclosporine-A).html are currently unknown. The purpose of this study was to analyze peripheral glucose tolerance following severe unilateral nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) depletion, and to determine whether central and peripheral insulin signaling was affected in the 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) middle-aged rat model of PD. Although serum insulin levels differed significantly between the 6-OHDA and sham groups over the course of a glucose tolerance test six weeks post-lesion, no significant effect on glucose tolerance or insulin signaling in skeletal muscle was observed. In contrast, markers of striatal insulin resistance were evident in the rats.

With the application of voxel-based morphometry, we found regional reductions in gray matter density in association with pregnancy anxiety after controlling for total gray matter volume, age, gestational age at birth, handedness and postpartum perceived stress. Specifically, independent of postnatal stress, pregnancy

anxiety at 19 weeks gestation was associated with gray matter volume reductions in the prefrontal cortex, the premotor cortex, the medial temporal lobe, the lateral temporal cortex, the postcentral gyrus as welt as the cerebellum extending to the middle occipital gyrus and the fusiform gyrus. High pregnancy anxiety at 25 and 31 weeks gestation was not significantly associated with local reductions in gray matter volume. this website This is the first prospective study to show that a specific temporal

pattern of pregnancy anxiety is related to specific changes in brain morphology. Altered gray matter volume in brain regions affected by prenatal maternal anxiety may render the developing individual more vulnerable to neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders as well as cognitive and intellectual impairment. Published by Elsevier Ltd.”
“Mitochondria have a crucial role in cellular bioenergetics and apoptosis, and thus are important to support cell function and in determination of cell death pathways. Inherited mitochondrial diseases can be find more caused by mutations of mitochondrial DNA or of nuclear genes that encode mitochondrial proteins. Although many mitochondrial disorders are multisystemic, some are tissue specific-eg, optic neuropathy, sensorineural deafness, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. In the past few years, several disorders have been associated with mutations of nuclear genes responsible for mitochondrial DNA maintenance and function, and the potential contribution of mitochondrial abnormalities to progressive neurodegenerative

diseases such as Parkinson’s disease and Alzheimer’s disease has been recognised. The process of mitochondrial fission-fusion has become a focus of attention in human disease. Selisistat ic50 Importantly, the mitochondrion is now a target for therapeutic interventions that encompass small molecules, transcriptional regulation, and genetic manipulation, offering opportunities to treat a diverse range of diseases.”
“Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex and serious mental disorder that is commonly seen psychiatric practice. Although stress, especially early life stress, seems to be associated with the development of the disorder, there has been far less research on the function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrena; (HPA) axis in BPD, compared to other psychiatric disorders, such as major depressive disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder.

Within a conditioned place preference paradigm, both alpha 4-/- mice and wild-type (WT) littermates showed a similar place preference to nicotine (0.5 mg/kg i.p.) conditioning. When assessed for operant

intravenous self-administration of nicotine (0.05 mg/kg/infusion), alpha 4-/- mice did not differ from their WT littermates in self-administration behavior. To further examine a modulatory role for alpha 4* nAChRs in the reinforcing effects of nicotine, a transgenic mouse with a point mutation www.selleckchem.com/products/pifithrin-alpha.html of the alpha 4 subunit (alpha 4-S248F) that renders increased sensitivity to low dose nicotine, was assessed for nicotine self-administration over a range of doses. At higher doses examined (0.05 and 0.07 mg/kg/infusion) there was no difference in intravenous nicotine self-administration; however, when mice were offered a lower dose see more of nicotine (0.03 mg/kg/infusion), alpha 4-S248F mice showed greater nicotine intake than controls. Acute administration of 0.5 mg/kg nicotine caused significant locomotor depression in WT mice but alpha 4-/- mice instead showed significant hyperactivity. Following chronic, intermittent administration of this dose of nicotine only WT mice displayed significant tolerance. Analogous

experiments utilizing administration of the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine in WT mice confirmed a dissociation between the putative nicotinic receptor subtypes required for mediating psychomotor and reinforcing effects of nicotine. These data demonstrate a necessary role for alpha 4* nAChRs in the locomotor depressant effect of nicotine but not the reinforcing effects that support ongoing BIBW2992 mouse self-administration of nicotine. Neuropsychopharmacology

(2011) 36, 1505-1517; doi:10.1038/npp.2011.35; published online 23 March 2011″
“Objectives: Our objective was to assess the short- and long-term outcome for patients after carotid body tumor (CBT) resection and discuss the potential pitfalls of the treatment.

Methods: An analysis was undertaken of all patients who underwent CBT resection at Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital and Greens lopes Private Hospital between 1982 and 2007. Primary tumor characteristics, surgical technique, and outcomes were recorded and analyzed.

Results: A total of 49 consecutive CBT resections (2 recurrent tumors) were carried out in 39 patients (26 women [56%]) who were a mean age of 49 years (range, 17-75 years). A nontender neck mass was the presenting complaint in 85%, followed by screening in familial or contralateral tumors in 26%. Familial cases occurred in 11 patients (28%). There were no operative deaths. Complications occurred in 13 of the 49 operations (27%), predominantly temporary nerve palsies and were more likely to occur in tumors of large volume or in cases of removal of coexisting vagal tumors. Malignant disease was present in seven cases (15%).