Cappelen`s operation is considered to be the first report of a cardiac surgical procedure.

Today trauma centers all over the world perform complex cardiac repairs due to penetrating trauma but the mortality is still high [2–5]. We report the case of a young man who suffered a large stab wound (SW) in the left ventricle and left atrium in addition to a lung injury for approximately 2 h before undergoing reparative surgery. In addition we present a literature Momelotinib cost review of penetrating cardiac injuries from 1997 – 2012 (Table1). As data source we used all available MK-4827 English-language articles from peer-reviewed journals in the Ovid MEDLINE and PubMed databases. The articles selected were relevant case reports, original articles and reviews focusing on the clinical presentation of penetrating cardiac injury, initial management, operative technique, complications and follow up. Table 1 Overview of the papers on penetrating cardiac injury from 1997 to 2012 Ref nr, author, year, journal and study origin. Study type Patients/patient group/injury site Outcomes/performed surgery Key results Comments [2] Asensio et al. (1998), J Trauma, USA. Prospective evaluation 2-year prospective evaluation of 105 penetrating cardiac injuries 65% GDC-0941 datasheet GSW (survival 16%), 35% SW (survival 65%). EDT in 76 pts with 10 survivors (16%) Presence of cardiac tamponade and the anatomical site did not predict

outcome, presence of sinus rythm when the pericardium was opened Hydroxychloroquine datasheet did   [6] Baker et al. (1998), Arch Surg, USA. Retrospective study + review 106 pts with penetrating heart injury (1989–1995): 60 GSW, 46 SW, 55% overall survival. 6 patients on CPB (4 gunshots, 2 stabs, only 2 GSW survived) Few survivors due to long time from injury to CPB.

Those who were resuscitated >5 min prehospitally had a very poor outcome. SR at admission- good prognostic sign. CPB no good to reverse outbled situation/profound shock, but necessary to repair multichamber injuries/large injuries   [7] Bar et al. (2009), Ind J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, Israel. Retrospective study 14 pts with penetrating cardiac wound requiring operation (1999–2006) (9 SW, 2 GSW and 2 schrapnel injuries, 1 multipl trauma) 4 sternotomies, 10 anterolat thoracotomies (8 with sternum transsection). 5LV, 6RV, 3RA injuries – all single chamber injuries, no combined. No CPB, 100% survival, all discharged Mean interval from injury to surgery 37 min [8] Barbosa et al. (2011), Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg, Argentina. Case report 18 yr male, SW in 4th ic space in the left midclavicular line Left thoracotomy, suture of right ventricular wound at admittance Developed pneumonia/lung edema postop, after 30 days AVR for penetrated aortic valve and closure of shunt (RV -> aorta)   [9] Bowley et al. (2002), Ann Thorac Surg, South Africa. Case report 24 yr male, multiple stab wounds No vital signs, PEA, at EDT: tamponade.

It should be noted that if INPs act at a transcriptional level in Chlamydia, they might not affect the secretion of all effectors to the same extent. Therefore, at this stage INPs should only be used cautiously to assess the mechanism of secretion of a given chlamydial protein. Down-regulation of transcription could perhaps also be due to feedback inhibition resulting from blocking T3S activity [24]. If, in Chlamydia, either the transcription of T3S associated genes or the assembly of the T3S selleck chemicals machinery are inhibited, addition of the drugs at the end of one cycle of infection is expected to affect the next round of infection. This is

exactly what was observed when looking at the progeny of C. trachomatis infected cells treated with INP0341 24 hours post infection [19]. In this experiment, although the inclusions formed upon late INP0341 treatment were as abundant as in control cells, there was a decrease in the infectious

progeny, suggesting that EBs formed in the presence of INPs might be defective in their ability to secrete type Selleck MK-0518 III effectors. However, due to the asynchronicity of the Chlamydia developmental cycle, we can not definitively rule out that the decrease in the formation of infectious EBs when the drug is added late in the cycle is not due to the now well documented reduction of RB multiplication upon INP treatment. Conclusion In the present study we demonstrate that small molecule inhibitors of Yersinia T3S have a strong inhibitory effect on Chlamydia growth but

fail to inhibit Chlamydia invasion. Selleck Gefitinib INPs had no significant effect on C. trachomatis L2 and C. caviae GPIC entry into epithelial cells. Moreover, recruitment of actin and small GTPases to bacterial entry sites was not altered. These results suggest that in the presence of INPs pivotal events in early Chlamydia biogenesis following entry must be affected which could account for the observed inhibition of Chlamydia growth. The inability of INPs to interfere with the entry mechanism suggest that the drug might not affect the translocation process per se. We believe that the identification of the mode of action of INPs on type III secretion in genetically tractable bacteria will clarify this issue. Methods Cells, bacterial strains, antibodies and Thiazovivin solubility dmso plasmids HeLa cells were grown as described [11]. The Chlamydia trachomatis L2 strain 434 (VR-902B) was from the ATCC and the GPIC strain of C. caviae was obtained from Dr. R. Rank (University of Arkansas). Plasmids coding for HA-tagged Arf6, GFP-tagged Rac and GFP-tagged Cdc42 were kindly given by Drs. Ph. Chavrier (Institut Curie, Paris), G. Tran van Nhieu (Institut Pasteur, Paris) and E. Caron (Imperial College, London), respectively. The mouse anti-Chlamydia antibody (unlabelled and FITC-conjugated) was purchased from Argene, Biosoft.

1 volumes of 25% fresh yeast extract. Mycoplasmas were grown at 37°C in 5% CO2 until stationary growth phase and harvested by centrifugation at 20000 g for 20 min. For genetic manipulation and subcloning, E. coli strains TG1 (Stratagene, La Jolla, CA, USA), DH5α, Top10 (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA) and BL21 Star™ (DE3) (Invitrogen) were used. The phage display vector fdtet 8.53 was a gift from Dr. V. K. Chaudhary, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India. Antisera, antibodies, and immunoblot analysis

Anti-ORF5 immune serum was obtained by injecting rabbits with amino acid residues 328-478 of the 486 aa proline-rich MmmSC ORF5 [22]. Bovine sera and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) from animals C11 (recovered from a sub-acute to chronic experimental www.selleckchem.com/products/lonafarnib-sch66336.html infection) and T1 (uninfected control) were from see more Dr. M. Niang, Central Veterinary Laboratory, Bamako, Mali [4, 19]. The seven bovine sera used in screening and immunoblotting were a kind gift from the Botswana National Veterinary Laboratory in Gabarone, Fludarabine ic50 Botswana [18].

Antibodies were isolated using ImmunoPure® Protein G columns (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA). Antibody-containing fractions were applied to Excellulose™ GF-5 Desalting columns (Pierce). Before selection by panning, unwanted filamentous phage antibodies were removed from the C11 serum by cross-absorption [41]. BAL IgA from animal C11 and serum IgA from Botswana cattle were used in pannings, but a limited volume was available and the samples were not cross-absorbed. Negative control pannings using BAL IgA and total IgG from the control animal (T1) were also performed. Immunoblotting was performed according to Urocanase standard protocols. A volume of 10 μl of each of the seven sera from Botswana were added to 5 ml of 1% milk powder (MP) suspended in PBS, pH 7.4. Blots were incubated overnight in the pool of diluted sera at room temperature. For the detection of bound antibodies, sheep horseradish peroxidise conjugated anti-bovine IgG (catalogue No. PP200; The Binding Site, Birmingham, UK) was diluted 1:10000 and incubated with the blot for an hour at room temperature. Bound antibodies were detected after incubation of the blot with SuperSignal® West Pico chemiluminescent substrate

(Pierce) using the Lumi-Imager from Roche Molecular Biochemicals. Display library construction Phage library construction using the pIII phage display vector fdtet 8.53 was as described by Gupta and co-workers [42]. This entailed ligating blunt-ended fragments of MmmSC genomic DNA in the presence of the restriction enzyme SrfI and T4 DNA ligase. The extent to which the genome was represented in the primary library with a theoretical probability of 0.99 was calculated using the method of Clarke and Carbon [43]. To deplete the resulting phage repertoire of any peptides that may have been susceptible to binding by irrelevant antibodies present in healthy bovine serum, a 50 μl volume was incubated with 2 mg of naïve bovine IgG at 4°C overnight.

Particularly, VPX yielded a significantly larger interaction effect between the performance tests following HIRT compared to iCHO. Repeated performance is a combined series of effort (often entailing more than one exercise modality and/or skill); hence, it is important a product has collective benefits rather than just improving one measure. Macronutrient and rate of perceived exertion Exertion levels, or even “perceived” exertion levels, during exercise may affect performance. Very

few studies have investigated the effects of PRO alone on RPE. The investigations by Backhouse et al. [36, 37] supported the supplementation of CHO to lower RPE during exercise. Kalman [38] compared the effects of CHO-only, PRO-CHO, and PRO-only BIBW2992 check details on various performance measures (i.e. resistance training), including RPE. The results did not report a ASP2215 in vitro significant difference in RPE between groups over time. This study reported similar findings with respect to differences between means and hypothesis testing via ANOVA—neither treatment was statistically significant towards reducing agility T-test, to-fatigue push-up, or 40-yard sprint RPE following HIRT. Rate of perceived exertion is a subjective measurement, and studies by Utter et al. [39–42] that examined the effects of CHO on RPE observed that RPE does not correlate with the amount of total work actually performed.

Subjects may have “felt” more fatigued after consuming a placebo compared to CHO, but there were no

mean differences in performance between groups. Similarly, the current investigation found VPX and iCHO to be equivocal in terms of the subjects’ reported RPE; in other words, this is the first study to find that VPX provides similar exertion responses to an iCHO drink. Limitations The ANOVA and t-test statistical results were not significant for any individual dependent variables. This could have been attributed to sample size and power (80%). The RM-MANOVA was not affected by the sample size and resulted in a meaningful and significant difference; this model reported a significant cumulative effect between the three performance tests. This outcome is likely attributed to the similarities between the tests (i.e., exercise Lck performance variables) and their collective impact; as the variables were added into the model their compounded effects on each other became statistically apparent. Physical activity is a cumulative action often involving a combination of endurance, speed, agility, power and balance to name a few. It may be valuable to see cumulative effects than singular effects in exercise performance for athletes and exercisers who rely on more than one energy system and skill to complete a task or activity. Beyond the statistical limitations, state anxiety appeared to be a limitation for all subjects. It is possible the subjects had apprehension leading into the second workout test.

The major failure mechanism in thermal

barrier coatings (TBCs) is the formation of a thermally grown oxide (TGO) layer at the bond coat/zirconia interface. The introduction of single-layer alumina or graded alumina/zirconia interlayer offers a potential solution to this problem by click here incorporating an oxygen diffusion barrier into the TBC system, thereby reducing the TGO growth rate [13]. By controlling the oxide/TBC interface formation, better adhesion and minimum thermal stresses could be achieved [14]. Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) is quite easy to produce multilayer films composed of two or more materials. One of the major advantages is that the stoichiometry of the target can be retained PS-341 purchase in the deposited films. This is due to the high rate of ablation, which causes all the elements to evaporate at the same time [15, 16]. The present work has focused on the development of Al2O3/ZrO2 nanolaminate thin films in order to stabilize the tetragonal phase of zirconia at room

temperature as a function of ZrO2 layer thickness. Methods Al2O3 (99.99% purity) and ZrO2 (99.99%) pellets of approximately 25 mm in diameter and approximately Selleckchem KU-60019 3 mm in thickness were prepared and sintered at 1,673 K for 6 h and used as targets for PLD. The deposition was performed using KrF excimer laser (λ = 248 nm), and other deposition parameters were reported elsewhere [17, 18]. Si (100)-oriented substrates of dimension 10 mm × 10 mm × 0.5 mm (n-type phosphorous doped with a resistivity of 20 to 30 Ω cm) were used for the deposition of films. Multilayers, which consist of Al2O3 and ZrO2, of 10:10, 5:10, 5:5, and 4:4 nm with 40 bilayers were deposited at an optimized oxygen

partial pressure of 3 Pa at room temperature. Before the deposition of the multilayers, deposition rates of the individual layers Aldol condensation were determined accurately by measuring the thickness of each layer using a Dektak profilometer (Dektak 6M Stylus Profiler, Veeco, Plainview, NY, USA). All the multilayer samples were analyzed by conventional X-ray diffraction (XRD; INEL XRG–3000 Diffractometer, Artenay, France). High-temperature XRD (HTXRD; INEL XRG–3000 Diffractometer attached with a curved position-sensitive detector and Bühler 2.4 HDK high-temperature camera, Hechingen, Germany) was performed to study the structural changes in the 5:5-nm film as a function of temperature in the range 298-1,273 K. A Pt-Re thermocouple was used for measuring the temperature of the sample. A heating rate of 10 K/min, cooling rate of 25 K/min, and soaking time of 5 min were used. The patterns were recorded in steps of 100 K, in vacuum of the order of approximately 2 × 10−3 Pa for 30 min. For the cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (XTEM) analysis, the specimen (10 mm × 10 mm × 0.5 mm) was cut into small rectangular pieces using a wire saw. Two of these were glued, making the film surface face-to-face with a special adhesive and cured at 130°C for 1 h.

Nucleic Acids Res 2007, 35:1578–1588. 45. Duran-Pinedo AE, Nishikawa

K, Duncan MJ: The RprY response regulator of Porphyromonas gingivalis . Mol Microbiol Dactolisib molecular weight 2007, 64:1061–1074. 46. Palzkill T: Antibiotic exposure and bacterial gene expression. Genome Res 2001, 11:1–2.PubMedCrossRef 47. Bernier SP, Surette MG: Concentration-dependent activity of antibiotics in natural environments. Front Microbiol 2013, 4:20.PubMedCentralPubMed 48. Han Y, Zhou D, Pang X, Zhang L, Song Y, Tong Z, Bao J, Dai E, Wang J, Guo Z, Zhai J, Du Z, Wang X, Wang J, Huang P, Yang R: DNA microarray analysis of the heat- and cold-shock stimulons in Yersinia pestis . Entospletinib Microbes Infect 2005, 7:335–348. 49. Hosogi Y, Duncan MJ: Gene expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis after contact with human epithelial

cells. Infect Immun 2005, 73:2327–2335. 50. Franceschini A, Szklarczyk D, Frankild S, Kuhn M, Simonovic M, Roth A, Lin J, Minguez P, Bork P, von Mering C, Jensen LJ: STRING v9.1: protein-protein interaction networks, with increased coverage and integration. Nucleic Acids Res 2013, 41(Database issue):D808–D815.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 51. Smoot ME, Ono K, Ruscheinski J, Wang PL, Ideker T: Cytoscape 2.8: new features for data integration and network visualization. Bioinformatics 2011, CHIR98014 clinical trial 27:431–432.PubMedCentralPubMedCrossRef 52. Bader GD, Hogue CW: An automated method for finding molecular complexes in large protein interaction networks. BMC Bioinform 2003, 4:2.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions Conceived and designed the experiments: JHM and JYL. Performed the experiments: JHM. Analyzed the data: JHM, JHL. Wrote the manuscript: JHM,

JHL and JYL. All authors read and approve the final manuscript.”
“Background Nanoparticles (NPs) offer spectacular properties to their bulk materials, such as a high surface area to volume ratio, new mechanical, chemical, electrical, optical, magnetic, electro-optical, and magneto-optical properties [1]. Nanotechnology is one of the fastest growing areas of the high tech economy [2,3]. Products using nanoparticles – also known as nanomaterials (particle sizes less than 100 nm)-can be found in almost every area of our daily lives, from cosmetics to clothing Osimertinib mw to foods to drug products [4-7]. There are hundreds of cosmetics that contain nanomaterials, such as ZnO, TiO2, and SiO2, in the market now and the number of these products are increasing rapidly [8]. Nanoscale materials can find use in many areas related to the food industry including agriculture, food processing, food security, packaging, nutrition and neutraceuticals [9-11]. Nanoscale materials have been used as novel antimicrobial agents [12]. Due to their powerful antimicrobial activity and particular modes of action, nanoparticles provide an attractive alternative to classic antibiotics in the development of next-generation antibiotic agents [13-15].

It has also been reported that deletion of acrD does not cause hypersusceptibility to amphiphilic drugs [36, 37], which may be due to low expression levels during cellular growth [14]. We have been able to detect similar low expression levels of acrD in E. amylovora Ea1189 during growth in LB broth (Figure 1A). Moreover, we were unable to detect hypersusceptibility to any of the tested MK-8931 mouse antimicrobial compounds in an acrD-deficient mutant (Table 1). As noted for other bacteria, the overproduction of AcrD in an acrB-deficient host led to increased resistance towards detergents, novobiocin and fusidic acid [14, 35]. Overproduction of AcrD in an acrB-deficient

mutant of E. amylovora Ea1189 increased the selleck screening library resistance to several antimicrobial compounds and heavy metals. It is noteworthy that expression of acrD under control of the lac promoter displayed only a minor effect on the resistance level compared to acrD expression driven Selleckchem APR-246 by a combination of the lac promoter and the native promoter (up to 16-fold changes in MICs, Table 1). It has previously been reported that strong overproduction of AcrD may interfere with normal activity of the pump [14]. In this study, we identified two new substrates, clotrimazole and luteolin, which increased the substrate spectrum of AcrD in enterobacteria. Clotrimazole is a derivative of imidazole, commonly

used in the treatment of fungal infections, and acts primarily by inhibiting the activity of cytochrome P450 mono-oxygenase [38]. Luteolin is one of the most common flavonoids present in many plant families. One of the functions of flavonoids in plants is their protective role against microbial invasion. Luteolin ID-8 was shown to inhibit bacterial N-acetyltransferase activity [39]. Since AcrD conferred resistance to aminoglycosides in E. coli[13], we hypothesized that AcrD of E. amylovora would display a similar substrate spectrum. However, overexpression of AcrD in E. amylovora Ea1189-3 did not increase the MICs of the aminoglycosides amikacin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and tobramycin. Although it is important to note that we observed

occasional, but not reproducible, 2-fold differences between the aminoglycoside MICs for different experiments (data not shown). While this result is contradictory to previous findings for E. coli[13], it may reflect a possible adaptation of the AcrD transporter to a particular physiological function during growth in the plant environment. To elucidate the role of AcrD in the plant environment, we analyzed whether this RND-type efflux pump is involved in pathogenesis of the plant pathogen. Previously, we have observed that disruption of the AcrB efflux pump in E. amylovora significantly reduced virulence on apple rootstock [16]. This prompted us to evaluate the effect of AcrD on the virulence of the fire blight pathogen by studying development of disease symptoms.

Overall, among the seven truncated cases, only one strain harboured a complete gene PX-478 at the second locus, suggesting that neither HomA nor HomB are expressed in vitro at locus A or B for the six remaining strains. Phylogenetic and evolutionary analysis of homB and homA genes The phylogenetic reconstruction of homB and homA showed two independent branches for each gene (Fig. 2), suggesting a divergent evolution. Two predominant clusters corresponding to East Asian and Western countries were observed for homB gene pointing

to a separation by geographical origin. For homA, the geographical segregation was not evident since this gene is rare in East Asian countries. Both homB and homA displayed a high similarity at the nucleotide level (92.8% ± 1.82 and 93.7% ± 2.20, respectively) and at the amino acid level (92.8% ± 1.82 and 94.0% ± 2.30, respectively). Furthermore, together they Captisol cell line shared a similarity of 88.6% ± 0.006 at the nucleotide level and 89.4% ± 0.009 at the amino acid level. Figure 2 Phylogenetic analysis of 58 homB and 48 homA sequences, H 89 chemical structure obtained from Helicobacter pylori clinical strains from different geographical regions. The branch length index is represented below the tree. Country of origin is located at the beginning of each strain designation (Pt, Portugal;

Fr, France; Sw, Sweden; Gr, Germany; USA; Br, Brazil; Col, Colombia; Jp, Japan; Ko, Korea; BF, Burkina Faso) followed by the homB or homA status.

Dotted circle, East Asian cluster; Full circle, Western cluster. The sequence of the homB and homA genes of the three H. pylori reference strains, 26695, J99 and HPAG1, were also included. Rebamipide The dotted line separates the homB and homA clusters. The numbers next to the main nodes are bootstrap values over 75% after 1000 iterations. The molecular distance and the nucleotide substitution rates, synonymous (Ks) and non-synonymous (Ka) substitutions, were similar for both homB and homA genes, as well as the mean Ka to mean Ks ratios (Ka/Ks) (Table 1). The type of selection operating at the amino acid level can be detected by comparing Ka and Ks [15]. Since Ka/Ks was less than 1 for both genes, the purifying selection hypothesis was tested and a significant P value obtained supports the hypothesis of conservation at the protein level (PZ-Test <0.001). Table 1 Analysis of molecular distances, synonymous and non-synonymous nucleotide substitutions of homB (n = 67) and homA (n = 50), for sequences corresponding to the entire gene and to gene segments 1, 2 and 3.   homB (n = 67*) homA (n = 50*)   Entire gene Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Entire gene Segment 1 Segment 2 Segment 3 Mol. distant (nt) 0.077 ± 0.004& 0.067 ± 0.005 0.124 ± 0.014 0.075 ± 0.005 0.077 ± 0.004 0.087 ± 0.006 0.107 ± 0.013 0.068 ± 0.005 No. differences (nt) 138.847 ± 7.207 45.324 ± 3.377 23.737 ± 2.226 68.178 ± 4.386 136.550 ± 6.403 55.546 ± 3.750 20.104 ± 2.182 62.103 ± 4.

Panel B: Assessment of EtBr accumulation in the presence of efflux inhibitors. The EIs were tested at a sub-inhibitory concentration, namely TZ: thioridazine (12.5 mg/L); CPZ: chlorpromazine (25 mg/L); VER: verapamil (200 mg/L) and RES: reserpine (20 mg/L). The arrow indicates the EtBr accumulation in the presence of the most effective EI for each isolate. Panel C: Assessment of EtBr efflux. The assays were done in the presence/absence of 0.4% glucose, with or without the EI verapamil (VER) at a sub-inhibitory concentration of 200 mg/L. The data presented was normalized against the data obtained in conditions of no efflux

(absence of glucose and presence of 200 FRAX597 mg/L of VER). The conditions established by the accumulation assays were then used to load cells with EtBr and perform efflux assays. The assessment of EtBr efflux on a real-time basis (during a 10 min frame) detected a considerable difference between EtBrCW-positive isolates, which showed Anlotinib manufacturer a pronounced efflux pump activity, with a prompt and significant decrease in fluorescence and the EtBrCW-negative isolates, that showed only basal efflux pump activity, similar to the one presented by the reference strain (Figure 1-C). These results confirm the presence of increased efflux NCT-501 clinical trial activity in the EtBrCW-positive

isolates relatively to the EtBrCW-negative isolates. Effect of efflux inhibitors on MICs of fluoroquinolones and EtBr As expected, next since all clinical isolates were selected on the basis of resistance to ciprofloxacin, they all presented high MIC values for fluoroquinolones. Nevertheless, the majority of the EtBrCW-positive isolates displayed higher MIC values for the fluoroquinolones tested and EtBr, whilst the EtBrCW-negative isolates presented significantly lower values, although some overlap exists between the two sets of MIC values (Table 1). The EIs reduced the MIC values for fluoroquinolones and EtBr of the EtBrCW-positive isolates to the values presented by the EtBrCW-negative

isolates, confirming the presence of an active efflux component in those isolates (Table 1). The EIs thioridazine (TZ) and chlorpromazine (CPZ) were the most effective in reducing the MIC values. Verapamil (VER) and reserpine (RES) showed a smaller or absent inhibitory effect, while carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) showed no effect on the MIC values for the compounds tested (data not shown). However, no full reversion of the fluoroquinolone resistance phenotype was obtained with any of the EIs tested, suggesting the contribution of other mechanisms to this resistance, namely, mutations in the target genes. Screening for mutations conferring fluoroquinolone resistance The 25 isolates representing both EtBrCW-positive and negative isolates were screened for the presence of chromosomal mutations most commonly associated with fluoroquinolone resistance in S. aureus, namely the ones occurring in the QRDRs of both grlA and gyrA genes [3, 5, 15, 16].

99). Acknowledgements The authors would like to thank members of the laboratory and in particular Saleem Abdo and A.J. Marlon for technical assistance. This work was supported by grants from the National Science Foundation IOB 0448396 and by the National Institutes of Health grant # 2 P20 RR016464 from the

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RP, Rosing H, Beijnen JH, Schinkel AH: The breast cancer resistance protein protects against a major chlorophyll-derived dietary phototoxin and protoporphyria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2002, 99:15649–15654.CrossRefPubMed 12. Kocour EJ, Ivy AC: The effect of certain foods on bile volume output recorded in the dog by a quantitative method. Am J Physiol 1938, 122:325–346. 13. Boron WF, Boulpaep EL: Medical Physiology. Philadelphia: Saunders 2003. 14. Greger R, Windhorst U, (eds): Comprehensive Human Physiology. Berlin: Springer Verlag 1996. 15. Ruf T, Arnold W: Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on hibernation and torpor: a review and hypothesis. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008, 294:R1044–1052.PubMed 16.